MODULATION OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS REPLICATION BY MICRO-RNA 132 (miR132), MICRO-RNA 145 (miR145) AND MICRO-RNA 212 (miR212)

ABSTRACT

The present invention related to miR145, miR132, miR212, and the genes or gene products regulated by these miRNAs. miR145 is downregulated in cells infected with HCMV. This downregulation modulates expression of miR145 target genes, including IRS-1. Transfection of cells with a miR145 agent, such as a miR145 mimetic, reduces HCMV replication and protein expression. miR132 and miR212 are upregulated in cells infected with HCMV. This upregulation modulates expression of miR132 and miR212 target genes, including MeCP2 and RICS. Transfection of cells with a miR132 and/or a miR212 antagonist reduces HCMV replication and protein expression. Accordingly, the invention provides methods of attenuating HCMV replication by modulating, for example, miR145, miR132, and/or miR212, and targets thereof. Also provided are methods of detecting an HCMV infection, and compositions and kits useful for attenuating HCMV replication.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/227,117, filed Sep. 7, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,933,045), which is a continuation of PCT/US2010027040, filed Mar. 11, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/159,391, filed Mar. 11, 2009, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/159,420, filed Mar. 11, 2009. The entire contents of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The specification incorporates by reference the biological sequence data contained in the file “20025864_(—)1.txt” (64.8 kb), created on Apr. 2, 2015.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

RNAs that do not function as messenger RNAs, transfer RNAs or ribosomal RNAs are collectively termed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs can range in size from 21-25 nucleotides (nt) up to >10,000 nt, and estimates for the number of ncRNAs per genome range from hundreds to thousands. The functions of ncRNAs, although just beginning to be revealed, appear to vary widely from the purely structural to the purely regulatory, and include effects on transcription, translation, mRNA stability and chromatin structure (G. Storz, Science (2002) 296:1260-1262). Two recent pivotal discoveries have placed ncRNAs in the spotlight: the identification of large numbers of very small ncRNAs of 20-24 nucleotides in length, termed micro RNAs (miRNAs), and the relationship of these miRNAs to intermediates in a eukaryotic RNA silencing mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi).

RNA silencing refers to a group of sequence-specific, RNA-targeted gene-silencing mechanisms common to animals, plants, and some fungi, wherein RNA is used to target and destroy homologous mRNA, viral RNA, or other RNAs. RNA silencing was first observed in plants, where it was termed posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). A similar phenomenon observed in Fungi was termed quelling. These phenomena were subsequently found to be related to a process in animals called RNA interference (RNAi). In RNAi, experimentally introduced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) leads to loss of expression of the corresponding cellular gene. A key step in the molecular mechanism of RNAi is the processing of dsRNA by the ribonuclease Dicer into short dsRNAs, called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), of ˜21-23 nt in length having specific features including 2 nt 3′-overhangs, a 5′-phosphate group and 3′-hydroxyl group. siRNAs are incorporated into a large nucleoprotein complex called an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). A distinct ribonuclease component of RISC uses the sequence encoded by the antisense strand of the siRNA as a guide to find and then cleave mRNAs of complementary sequence. The cleaved mRNA is ultimately degraded by cellular exonucleases. Thus, in PTGS, quelling, and RNAi, the silenced gene is transcribed normally into mRNA, but the mRNA is destroyed as quickly as it is made. In plants, it appears that PTGS evolved as a defense strategy against viral pathogens and transposons. While the introduction of long dsRNAs into plants and invertebrates initiates specific gene silencing (Hannon, 2002; Hutvagner, 2002), in mammalian cells, long dsRNA can induce the potent translational inhibitory effects of the interferon response (Samuel, 2001). Short dsRNAs of <30 bp, however, evade the interferon response and are successfully incorporated into RISC to induce RNAi (Zamore et al., Cell, 101(1):25-33 (2000); Elbashir, 2001).

Another group of small ncRNAs, called micro RNAs (miRNAs), are related to the intermediates in RNAi and appear to be conserved from flies to humans (Lau, 2001; Lagos-Quintana, 2001; Rhoades, 2002). To date, all metazoans examined have been found to encode miRNAs. MicroRNAs are initially transcribed as a long, single-stranded miRNA precursor known as a pri-miRNA, which may contain one or several miRNAs, and these transcripts are then processed to ˜70 nt pre-miRNAs having a predicted stem-loop structure. The enzyme Dicer cleaves pre-miRNA to produce ˜20-25 nt miRNAs that function as single-stranded RNAi mediators capable of directing gene silencing (Hutvagner, 2002; McManus, 2002). These small transcripts have been proposed to play a role in development, apparently by suppressing target genes to which they have some degree of complementarity. The canonical miRNAs lin-4 and let-7 influence gene expression by binding to sequences of partial complementarity in the 3′ UTR of mRNA, thereby preventing mRNA translation (McCaffrey, 2002). In recent studies, however, miRNAs bearing perfect complementarity to a target RNA could function analogously to siRNAs, specifically directing degradation of the target sequences (Hutvagner, 2002b; Llave, 2002). Thus, the degree of complementarity between an miRNA and its target may determine whether the miRNA acts as a translational repressor or as a guide to induce mRNA cleavage. The discovery of miRNAs as endogenous small regulatory ncRNAs may represent the tip of an iceberg, as other groups of regulatory ncRNAs likely remain to be discovered.

Numerous recent studies have highlighted the importance of miRNAs in regulating gene expression. miRNAs can “fine-tune” gene expression by binding to nearly perfect complementary sequences in mRNAs, thus preventing their translation. The importance of miRNAs in the regulation of specific genes has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, where their function impacts such universal cellular pathways as cell death, development, proliferation, and hematopoiesis (Ambros, 2004). Additionally, it has been demonstrated that several animal viruses encode their own miRNAs, which target either cellular or viral mRNAs (Cullen, 2006; Nair, 2006; Sarnow, 2006). Recent studies have further underscored the critical role of miRNAs in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by demonstrating that miRNAs are misregulated in various forms of cancer. Furthermore, specific tumor types have been found to have specific patterns of miRNA expression, or “miRNA signatures” (Calin, 2006; Calin, 2002; Volinia, 2006; Yanaihara, 2006).

The discovery of particular miRNAs that display altered patterns of expression during other disease conditions would help elucidate the role of specific cellular miRNAs and their corresponding target genes is pathogenesis. Such miRNAs could be used, for example, as therapeutic and diagnostic targets.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that miR145 is significantly downregulated during HCMV infection. The present invention is based on the further discovery that transfection of fibroblasts with a miR145 mimetic prior to HCMV infection reduced HCMV replication, and likewise reduced expression of the HCMV proteins Immediate Early 2 (IE-2), the Early (E) protein pp65, and the Late (L) protein gB55. This discovery implicates miR145 in HCMV pathogenesis and replication.

In another embodiment, the present invention is based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that miR132 and miR212 are significantly upregulated during HCMV infection. The present invention is based on the further discovery that transfection of fibroblasts with an antisense miR132 and/or antisense miR212 locked nucleic acid (LNA) prior to HCMV infection reduced HCMV replication, and likewise reduced expression of the HCMV proteins Immediate Early 2 (IE-2), the Early (E) protein pp65, and the Late (L) protein gB55. This discovery implicates miR132 in HCMV pathogenesis and replication.

Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention features methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell or organism, comprising contacting the cell or organism with a miR145 agent in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR145 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In another aspect, the invention features methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell or organism, comprising contacting the cell or organism with an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of a miR145 target in an amount effective to decrease the level of the miR145 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In certain embodiments, the miR145 agent or the RNA silencing agent are administered to an organism to treat or ameliorate the symptoms of an HCMV infection. In some embodiments, the miR145 agent or the RNA silencing agent are administered to an organism in combination with an additional agent, e.g., an antiviral agent.

In another aspect, the invention features kits that contain a composition comprising a miR145 agent and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In another aspect, the invention features kits that contain a composition comprising an RNA silencing agent capable of reducing expression of a miR145 target, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In some embodiments, the kits further contain an additional agent, e.g., an antiviral agent.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject by determining a level of miR145 expression in a subject, and comparing the level of miR145 expression to a suitable control, wherein a reduction in the level of miR145 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

In one aspect, the present invention features methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell or organism, comprising contacting the cell or organism with a miR132 antagonist and/or a miR212 antagonist in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR132 targets and/or miR212 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In another aspect, the invention features methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell or organism, comprising contacting the cell or organism with a miR132 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of a miR132 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In another aspect, the invention features methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell or organism, comprising contacting the cell or organism with a miR212 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of a miR212 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In certain embodiments, the miR132 antagonist, the miR212 antagonist, the miR132 target activating agent, or the miR212 target activating agent are administered to an organism to treat or ameliorate the symptoms of an HCMV infection. In some embodiments, the miR132 antagonist, the miR212 antagonist, the miR132 target activating agent, or the miR212 target activating agent are administered to an organism in combination with an additional agent, e.g., an antiviral agent.

In another aspect, the invention features kits that contain a composition comprising a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, or combinations thereof, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In another aspect, the invention features kits that contain a composition comprising a miR132 target activating agent capable of reducing expression of a miR132 target, a miR212 target activating agent capable of reducing expression of a miR212 target, or combinations thereof, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In some embodiments, the kits further contain an additional agent, e.g., an antiviral agent.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject by determining a level of miR132 expression and/or a level of miR212 expression in a subject, and comparing the level of miR132 and/or miR212 expression to a suitable control, wherein an increase in the level of miR132 and/or miR212 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 graphically depicts the alteration in miR145 expression following HCMV infection in HEL fibroblasts, as determined by microarray analysis.

FIG. 2 depicts miR145 downregulation in HEL fibroblasts at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-infection with HCMV, as determined by Northern blot.

FIG. 3 depicts the expression level of miR145 in HEL fibroblasts at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-infection with HCMV, as determined by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR).

FIG. 4 depicts the results of a microarray time course analysis showing the change in miR145 levels in cells 24-120 hours after HCMV infection.

FIG. 5 depicts downregulation in IRS-1 protein levels in HEL fibroblasts following transfection with a miR145 mimic (145), as compared to transfection with a control miRNA (ct) or mock transfected cells.

FIG. 6 graphically depicts the reduction in viral replication in HEL fibroblasts that occurs following transfection with a miR145 mimic(145), as compared to transfection with a control miRNA (ct).

FIG. 7 depicts the reduction in expression of the HCMV proteins 1E2, pp65, and gB55 that occurs in HEL fibroblasts previously transfected with a miR145 mimic (145) at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours post-infection with HCMV, as compared to cells transfected with a control miRNA (ct).

FIGS. 8( a) and 8(b) depicts upregulation in IRS-1 protein levels following HCMV infection in fibroblasts, as compared with mock-infected cells.

FIG. 9 depicts the re-localization of IRS-1 protein during HCMV infection in HEL fibroblasts, as compared with mock-infected cells.

FIG. 10(A) depicts the nucleic acid sequence and structure of the mature stem-loop form of miR145 (hsa-miR-145; SEQ ID NO:1).

FIG. 10(B) depicts the nucleic acid sequence of the mature (processed) form of miR145 (hsa-miR-145; SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 11 graphically depicts the alteration in miR132 expression following HCMV infection in HEL fibroblasts, as determined by microarray analysis.

FIG. 12 depicts the differential impact on the expression of cellular miRNAs that occurs during HCMV infection (24-120 hours post-infection).

FIG. 13 graphically depicts the relative levels of miR132 and miR212 during HCMV infection between 24-120 hours post-infection.

FIG. 14A-FIG. 14B depict miR132 upregulation in HEL fibroblasts and U373 MG glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-infection with HCMV, as determined by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR).

FIG. 15 depicts the expression level of miR132 in HEL fibroblasts at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-infection with HCMV, as determined by Northern Blot.

FIG. 16 depicts the relative fold change in miR132 and miR212 expression at 24 hour intervals during HCMV infection, as determined by TaqMan miRNA assay.

FIG. 17(A) depicts downregulation of the miR132 and miR212 target MeCP2 in HEL fibroblasts following HCMV infection.

FIG. 17(B) depicts downregulation of the miR132 target MeCP2 in HEL fibroblasts following HCMV infection.

FIG. 18 a-b depicts the increase in levels of the miR132 and miR212 target MeCP2 that occurs in HEL fibroblasts following treatment with an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA) targeting miR132 (a-b) or miR212 (a).

FIG. 19 depicts the reduction in expression of the HCMV proteins IE2, pp65, and gB55 that occurs in HEL fibroblasts previously transfected with an antisense miR132 LNA at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours post-infection with HCMV, as compared to cells transfected with a control LNA (ct).

FIG. 20(A) depicts the nucleic acid sequence and structure of the mature stem-loop form of miR132 (hsa-miR-132; SEQ ID NO:3).

FIG. 20(B) depicts the nucleic acid sequence of the mature (processed) form of miR132 (hsa-miR-132; SEQ ID NO:4).

FIG. 20(C) depicts the nucleic acid sequence and structure of the mature stem-loop form of miR212 (hsa-miR-212; SEQ ID NO:5).

FIG. 20(D) depicts the nucleic acid sequence and structure of the mature (processed) form of miR212 (hsa-miR212; SEQ ID NO:6)

FIG. 21A-FIG. 21B depict the nucleic acid sequence of IRS-1 (SEQ ID NO:7; gi187761322).

FIG. 22A-FIG. 22B depict the nucleic acid sequence of MAPK (SEQ ID NO:8; gi75709178).

FIG. 23A-FIG. 23C depict the nucleic acid sequence of MeCP2 (SEQ ID NO:9; gi160707948).

FIG. 24 depicts the polypeptide sequence of MeCP2 (SEQ ID NO:10; gi4826830).

FIG. 25A-FIG. 25C depict the nucleic acid sequence of RICS (SEQ ID NO:11; gi218083782).

FIG. 26 depicts the polypeptide sequence of RICS (SEQ ID NO:12; gi29469071).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based in part on the discovery that miR145 is significantly downregulated during HCMV infection, and miR132 and miR212 are significantly upregulated during HCMV infection. The instant inventors further discovered that transfection of fibroblasts with a miR145 mimic prior to HCMV infection reduced HCMV replication, and likewise reduced expression of the HCMV proteins Immediate Early 2 (IE-2), the Early (E) protein pp65, and the Late (L) protein gB55. In addition, transfection of fibroblasts with a miR132 antagonist and/or a miR212 antagonist prior to HCMV infection reduced HCMV replication, and reduced expression of the HCMV proteins Immediate Early 2 (IE-2), the Early (E) protein pp65, and the Late (L) protein gB55. This discovery implicates miR145, miR132, and miR212 during HCMV IE, E, and L gene expression, indicating that the foregoing microRNAs have a role in HCMV pathogenesis and replication. HCMV infection was shown to upregulate the miR145 target molecule Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) in fibroblasts, and to alter IRS-1 localization, implicating downstream targets of miR145 in HCMV pathogenesis. HCMV infection was also shown to downregulate the miR132 and miR212 target molecule MeCP2 in fibroblasts, implicating downstream targets of miR132 and miR212 in HCMV pathogenesis. These findings indicate that miR145, miR132, and miR212 are important cellular mediator of HCMV infection. Misregulation of these miRNAs by HCMV also indicates that the cellular or viral targets of these miRNAs will likewise be aberrantly regulated during infection.

The concept that HCMV specifically modifies cellular miR145, miR132, and miR212 expression represents a hitherto unidentified mechanism by which HCMV produces an environment conducive to infection. The finding that disruption of miR145 downregulation, and/or miR132 or miR212 upregulation, results in attenuation of viral infection thus provides novel anti-viral approaches.

Cellular and/or viral genes or gene products whose expression is altered as a consequence of miR145 downregulation following HCMV infection make attractive targets for novel therapeutic anti-viral strategies. Such strategies include, for example, administration of a compound that increases or mimics expression of miR145. Such a compound may include, for example, an expression vector, a recombinant miRNA, or a miRNA mimic Likewise, cellular and/or viral genes or gene products whose expression is altered as a consequence of miR132 or miR212 upregulation following HCMV infection make attractive targets for novel therapeutic anti-viral strategies. Such strategies include, for example, administration of a compound that antagonizes or reduces expression of miR132 and/or miR212. Such a compound may include, for example, an antisense miR132 LNA, an antisense miR212 LNA, an antagomir, a 2′O-methyl antisense miR132 RNA, or a 2′O-methyl antisense miR212 RNA.

As the genes or gene products targeted by miR145 are expressed at elevated levels in HCMV infected cells due to the HCMV-mediated reduction in expression of miR145, such anti-viral strategies also include, for example, administration of a compound that inhibits or reduces expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR145. Such a compound may include, for example, an siRNA, an miRNA, a shRNA, an antisense nucleic acid molecule, or a ribozyme.

As the genes or gene products targeted by miR132 and/or miR212 are expressed at reduced levels in HCMV infected cells due to the HCMV-mediated increase in expression of miR132 and miR212, such anti-viral strategies also include, for example, administration of a compound that increases, upregulates, or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR132 or miR212. Such a compound may include, for example, an expression vector encoding a miR132 target or a miR212 target, an RNA transcript encoding a miR132 target or a miR212 target, a miR132 target polypeptide, a miR212 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide, or an active domain thereof.

Accordingly, the invention provides, in a first aspect, a method of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR145 agent in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR145 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In one embodiment of this aspect, the miR145 agent is a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, and an expression vector encoding miR145. In an exemplary embodiment, the agent contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In another exemplary embodiment, the agent contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the level of one or more miR145 targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of a miR145 target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In particular embodiments, the measuring or determining the level of expression of a miR145 target may be performed using Western blot, ELISA, or antibody microarray. In other embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the level of one or more miR145 targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of the miR145 target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In particular embodiments, the miR145 target is an mRNA, e.g., an mRNA encoding a polypeptide. Accordingly, in some embodiments, measuring the level of expression of the miR145 target may be performed using Northern blot, quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR), or microarray. In exemplary embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the miR145 target is IRS-1 (e.g., an IRS-1 polypeptide, an mRNA encoding an IRS-1 polypeptide).

In certain embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the cell is in a organism. In some embodiments, the organism is infected with HCMV. In other embodiments, the organism is at risk of developing an HCMV infection. In some embodiments, the decrease in the level of one or more miR145 targets occurs in a cell contacted by the miR145 agent.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of a miR145 target in an amount effective to decrease the level of the miR145 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In exemplary embodiments, the RNA silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA, a shRNA, an antisense RNA, and a ribozyme. In particular embodiments, the RNA silencing agent is at least 90% complementary to a portion of the miR145 target.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the level of a miR145 target is determined by measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the miR145 target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In some embodiments, measuring or determining the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the miR145 target is performed using Western blot, ELISA, or antibody microarray. In another embodiment of the foregoing aspect, the level of a miR145 target is determined by measuring the level of expression of a miR145 target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In particular embodiments, the miR145 target is an m RNA. In some embodiments, measuring or determining the level of expression of a miR145 target is performed using Northern blot, quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR), or microarray. In an exemplary embodiment, the miR145 target is an mRNA encoding IRS-1.

In some embodiments of the foregoing aspect, the cell is in an organism. In some embodiments, the organism is infected with HCMV. In other embodiments, the organism is at risk of developing an HCMV infection. In some embodiments, the decrease in the level of one or more miR145 targets occurs in a cell contacted by the miR145 agent.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the miR145 target is selected based on having sequence complementarity with all or a portion of miR145 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2). In some embodiments, the miR145 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR145. In exemplary embodiments, the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within the 3′UTR of the miR145 target. In other embodiments, the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within an open reading frame of the miR145 target.

In some embodiments, the foregoing methods further involve contacting the cell with an additional therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent. In exemplary embodiments, the antiviral agent is Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, or Maribavir.

In another aspect, the invention features methods of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject, comprising determining a level of miR145 expression in a subject, and comparing the level of miR145 expression to a suitable control, wherein a reduction in the level of miR145 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

In another aspect, the invention features kits comprising a composition containing a miR145 agent, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In exemplary embodiments, the miR145 agent is a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, or an expression vector encoding miR145.

In another aspect, the invention features kits comprising a composition containing an RNA silencing agent capable of reducing expression of a miR145 target, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In some embodiments, the agent is an siRNA, a shRNA, an antisense RNA, or a ribozyme. In some embodiments, the miR145 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR145. In an exemplary embodiment, the miR145 target is an mRNA encoding IRS-1.

In one embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the kits further contain an additional agent, e.g., an antiviral agent. In exemplary embodiments, the antiviral agent is Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, or Maribavir, or combinations thereof.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR132 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR132 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR212 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR212 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited.

In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the antagonist is selected from the group consisting of an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA), an antagomir, or a 2′O-methyl antisense RNA. In exemplary embodiments, the miR132 antagonist comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the miR132 antagonist is at least 70% complementary to all or a part of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4. In other exemplary embodiments, the miR212 antagonist comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the miR212 antagonist is at least 70% complementary to all or a part of SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6.

In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the level of one or more targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In some embodiments, measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the target is performed using a method selected from the group consisting of Western blot, ELISA, or antibody microarray. In other embodiments, the level of one or more targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of an RNA corresponding to the target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In particular embodiments, the RNA is an mRNA. In exemplary embodiments, measuring the level of expression of the target is performed using a method selected from the group consisting of Northern blot, quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR), or microarray.

In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the target is methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). In other embodiments, the target is Rho GTPase-activating protein (RICS). In some embodiments, the cell is in an organism, for example, an organism infected with HCMV. In some embodiments, the increase in the level of one or more targets occurs in a cell contacted by the antagonist.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR132 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of a miR132 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In one embodiment of this aspect, the miR132 target activating agent may be an expression vector encoding a miR132 target, a synthetic miR132 target RNA transcript, a miR132 target polypeptide, and a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR212 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of a miR212 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In one embodiment of this aspect, the miR212 target activating agent may be an expression vector encoding a miR212 target, a synthetic miR212 target RNA transcript, a miR212 target polypeptide, and a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide.

In one embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the level of the target is determined by measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In another embodiment, measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the target is performed using Western blot, ELISA, or antibody microarray. In one embodiment, the level of one or more targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of an RNA corresponding to the target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control. In some embodiments, the RNA is a mRNA. In exemplary embodiments, measuring the level of expression of the target is performed using a method such as Northern blot, quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR), or microarray. In one embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the target is an mRNA encoding MeCP2. In another embodiment, the target is an mRNA encoding RICS. In one embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the cell is in an organism, for example, an organism infected with HCMV. In one embodiment, the increase in the level of one or more targets occurs in a cell contacted by the RNA agent.

In an exemplary embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the miR132 target is selected based on having sequence complementarity with all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4. In another exemplary embodiment, the miR212 target is selected based on having sequence complementarity with all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6. In one embodiment, the miR132 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR132. In another embodiment, the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within the 3′UTR of the miR132 target. In another embodiment, the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within an open reading frame of the miR132 target. In another embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the miR212 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR212. In one embodiment, the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within the 3′UTR of the miR212 target. In another embodiment, the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within an open reading frame of the miR212 target.

In some embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the foregoing methods further involve contacting the cell with an additional therapeutic agent, for example, an antiviral agent. In exemplary embodiments, the antiviral agent is Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, or Maribavir, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject, by determining a level of miR132 or miR212 expression in a subject; and comparing the level of miR132 or miR212 expression to a suitable control; wherein an increase in the level of miR132 or miR212 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a composition comprising a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, or combinations thereof; and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV. In some embodiments, the antagonist is selected from the group consisting of an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA), an antagomir, and a 2′O-methyl antisense RNA.

In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a composition comprising a miR132 target activating agent capable of increasing expression of a miR132 target, a miR212 target activating agent capable of increasing expression of a miR212 target, or combinations thereof; and (b) instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV.

In exemplary embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the miR132 target activating agent is an expression vector encoding a miR132 target, a synthetic miR132 target RNA transcript, a miR132 target polypeptide, or a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide. In other exemplary embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the miR212 target activating agent is an expression vector encoding a miR212 target, a synthetic miR212 target RNA transcript, a miR212 target polypeptide, or a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide. In some embodiments, the miR132 target has a region of about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR132. In other embodiments, the miR212 target has a region of about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR212. In other embodiments, the target is MeCP2 or RICS. In some embodiments, the foregoing kits further contain an antiviral agent, for example, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, or Maribavir, or combinations thereof.

I. Definitions

So that the invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined.

The term “target gene,” as used herein, refers to a gene or gene product intended for downregulation via RNA silencing. The term “target protein” refers to a protein intended for downregulation via RNA silencing of a target RNA encoding the target protein. The term “target RNA” refers to an RNA molecule intended for downregulation (e.g., repression or degradation) by RNA silencing. The term “target RNA” includes both non-coding RNA molecules (transcribed from a DNA but not encoding polypeptide sequence) and coding RNA molecules (i.e., mRNA molecules). A “target RNA” is also referred to herein as a “transcript”.

The term “microRNA target, “miRNA target” or “miR target”, as used herein, refers to a gene, gene transcript, or gene product whose expression is altered (e.g., downregulated) by a microRNA (miRNA or miR). A miRNA may alter the expression of a miRNA target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and preventing translation of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript. A miRNA may alternatively alter the expression of a miRNA target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and directing degradation or destabilization of the RNA transcript. miRNA targets can be identified based on having a region of sequence complementarity to a portion of a miRNA. In a preferred embodiment, miRNA targets contain a region that is complementary to 6-8 nucleotides in a miRNA seed.

The term “miR145 target,” as used herein, refers to a gene, gene transcript, or gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) whose expression is altered (e.g., downregulated) by miR145. miR145 may alter the expression of a miR145 target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and preventing translation of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript. miR145 may alternatively alter the expression of a miR145 target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and directing degradation or destabilization of the RNA transcript. miR145 targets can be identified based on having a region of sequence complementarity to a portion of miR145. In a preferred embodiment, miR145 targets contain a region that is complementary to about 6-8 nucleotides in a miR145 seed. In exemplary embodiments, a miR145 target is a component of an HCMV replication pathway, e.g., a signaling pathway, that, when altered, modulates HCMV replication.

The term “miR132 target,” as used herein, refers to a gene, gene transcript, or gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) whose expression is altered (e.g., downregulated) by miR132. miR132 may alter the expression of a miR132 target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and preventing translation of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript. miR132 may alternatively alter the expression of a miR132 target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and directing degradation or destabilization of the RNA transcript. miR132 targets can be identified based on having a region of sequence complementarity to a portion of miR132. In a preferred embodiment, miR132 targets contain a region that is complementary to about 6-8 nucleotides in a miR132 seed. In exemplary embodiments, a miR132 target is a component of an HCMV replication pathway, e.g., a signaling pathway, that, when altered, modulates HCMV replication.

The term “miR212 target,” as used herein, refers to a gene, gene transcript, or gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) whose expression is altered (e.g., downregulated) by miR212. miR212 may alter the expression of a miR212 target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and preventing translation of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript. miR212 may alternatively alter the expression of a miR212 target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and directing degradation or destabilization of the RNA transcript. miR212 targets can be identified based on having a region of sequence complementarity to a portion of miR212. In a preferred embodiment, miR212 targets contain a region that is complementary to about 6-8 nucleotides in a miR212 seed. In exemplary embodiments, a miR212 target is a component of an HCMV replication pathway, e.g., a signaling pathway, that, when altered, modulates HCMV replication.

A miRNA seed, as used herein, refers to a region of about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides (e.g., 5-9, preferably 6-8 contiguous nucleotides) in a miRNA having perfect or near perfect complementarity with about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides in a target RNA. In a preferred embodiment, a miRNA seed encompasses about nucleotides 2-7 (e.g., nucleotides 3-8, nucleotides 1-6, preferably nucleotides 2-7) of a mature miRNA sequence. In exemplary embodiments, a miRNA seed has perfect complementarity with about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides in the 3′UTR of a target RNA.

The term “RNA silencing,” as used herein, refers generally to a sequence-specific or selective process by which a target molecule (e.g., a target gene, protein or RNA) is downregulated. In some embodiments, the process of RNA silencing features post-transcriptional repression of RNA translation triggered by an RNA silencing agent (e.g., a miRNA). In other embodiments, the process of RNA silencing includes “RNA interference” or “RNAi,” which features degradation of RNA molecules, e.g., RNA molecules within a cell, said degradation being triggered by an RNA silencing agent (e.g., a siRNA). Degradation is catalyzed by an enzymatic, RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RNAi occurs in cells naturally to remove foreign RNAs (e.g., viral RNAs). Natural RNAi proceeds via fragments cleaved from free dsRNA which direct the degradative mechanism to other similar RNA sequences. Alternatively, RNAi can be initiated by the hand of man, for example, to silence the expression of target genes.

The term “RNA silencing agent”, as used herein, refers to an RNA (or analog thereof), having sufficient sequence complimentarity to a target RNA (i.e., the RNA being down regulated (e.g., repressed or degraded)) to direct RNA silencing. A RNA silencing agent having a “sequence sufficiently complementary to a target RNA sequence to direct RNA silencing” means that the RNA silencing agent has a sequence sufficient to repress translation of a polypeptide encoded by the target RNA, or that the RNA silencing agent has a sequence sufficient to trigger destruction of the target RNA by the RNAi machinery (e.g., the RISC complex). RNA silencing agents can include, for example, siRNA, shRNA, antisense RNA, miRNA, or other RNA-based or RNA-like silencing agents.

The term “RNAi agent”, as used herein, refers to an RNA (or analog thereof), having sufficient sequence complimentarity to a target RNA (i.e., the RNA being degraded) to direct RNAi. A RNAi agent having a “sequence sufficiently complementary to a target RNA sequence to direct RNAi” means that the RNA agent has a sequence sufficient to trigger the destruction of the target RNA by the RNAi machinery (e.g., the RISC complex) or process. An RNAi agent can include, for example, an siRNA or an shRNA.

The term “miRNA agent,” as used herein, refers to a miRNA, or an agent (e.g., an oligonucleotide agent) that mimics, replicates, or simulates the activity of an miRNA in RNA silencing (e.g., via translational repression, or sometimes, via RNA degradation, etc.) of one or more miRNA targets. Accordingly, a miRNA agent can include, for example, a miRNA, a miRNA mimic, a synthetic miRNA oligonucleotide, or an expression vector encoding a miRNA. A miRNA agent may also include a miRNA precursor that is capable of being cleaved by cellular machinery to form a miRNA, e.g., a pre-RNA a pri-RNA, or a miRNA stem-loop. Accordingly, a miRNA agent can include, for example, a pre-miRNA, a pri-miRNA, a miRNA stem-loop, an expression vector encoding a pre-miRNA, an expression vector encoding a pri-miRNA, or an expression vector encoding a miRNA stem-loop. An expression vector encoding a miRNA agent can include, for example, a plasmid expression vector or a viral expression vector. As with RNAi agents, miRNA agents act on target RNA via RISC.

The term “miR145 agent,” as used herein, refers to miR145, or an agent (e.g., an oligonucleotide agent) that mimics, replicates, or simulates the activity of miR145 as a translational repressor of one or more miR145 targets. Accordingly, a miR145 agent can include, for example, miR145, a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, or an expression vector encoding miR145. A miR145 agent may also include a miR145 precursor that is capable of being cleaved by cellular machinery to form a miR145, e.g., a miR145 pre-RNA, a miR145 pri-RNA, or a mir145 stem-loop. Accordingly, a miR145 agent can include, for example, a miR145 pre-miRNA, a miR145 pri-miRNA, a mir145 stem-loop, an expression vector encoding a miR145 pre-miRNA, an expression vector encoding a miR145 pri-miRNA, or an expression vector encoding a mir145 stem-loop. An expression vector encoding a miR145 agent can include, for example, a plasmid expression vector or a viral expression vector.

The term “miRNA antagonist,” as used herein, refers to an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression, stability, or activity of a miRNA. A miRNA antagonist may function, for example, by blocking the activity of a miRNA (e.g., blocking the ability of a miRNA to function as a translational repressor of one or more miRNA targets), or by mediating miRNA degradation. Exemplary miRNA antagonists include, for example, antisense locked nucleic acid molecules (LNAs), antagomirs, or 2′O-methyl antisense RNAs targeting a miRNA.

For example, the term “miR132 antagonist,” as used herein, refers to an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression, stability, or activity of miR132. A miR132 antagonist may function, for example, by blocking miR132 activity (e.g., blocking the ability of miR132 to function as a translational repressor of miR132 targets), or by mediating miR132 degradation. Exemplary miR132 antagonists include, for example, antisense locked nucleic acid molecules (LNAs), antagomirs, or 2′O-methyl antisense RNAs targeting miR132. Likewise, the term “miR212 antagonist,” as used herein, refers to an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression, stability, or activity of miR212. A miR212 antagonist may function, for example, by blocking miR212 activity (e.g., blocking the ability of miR212 to function as a translational repressor of miR212 targets), or by mediating miR212 degradation. Exemplary miR212 antagonists include, for example, antisense locked nucleic acid molecules (LNAs), antagomirs, or 2′O-methyl antisense RNAs targeting miR212.

The term “miR132 target activating agent,” as used herein, refers to a compound that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR132. Such a compound may include, for example, an expression vector encoding a miR132 target, a synthetic RNA transcript encoding a miR132 target, a miR132 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide, or an active domain thereof.

The term “miR212 target activating agent,” as used herein, refers to a compound that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR212. Such a compound may include, for example, an expression vector encoding a miR212 target, a synthetic RNA transcript encoding a miR212 target, a miR212 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide, or an active domain thereof.

The term “RNA” or “RNA molecule” or “ribonucleic acid molecule” refers to a polymer of ribonucleotides. The term “DNA” or “DNA molecule” or deoxyribonucleic acid molecule” refers to a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA and RNA can be synthesized naturally (e.g., by DNA replication or transcription of DNA, respectively). RNA can be post-transcriptionally modified. DNA and RNA can also be chemically synthesized. DNA and RNA can be single-stranded (i.e., ssRNA and ssDNA, respectively) or multi-stranded (e.g., double-stranded, i.e., dsRNA and dsDNA, respectively).

The term RNA includes noncoding (“ncRNAs”) and coding RNAs (i.e., mRNAs). ncRNAs are single- or double-stranded RNAs that do not specify the amino acid sequence of polypeptides (i.e., do not encode polypeptides). By contrast, ncRNAs affect processes including, but not limited to, transcription, gene silencing, replication, RNA processing, RNA modification, RNA stability, mRNA translation, protein stability, and/or protein translation. ncRNAs include, but are not limited to, bacterial small RNAs (“sRNA”), microRNAs (“miRNAs”), and/or small temporal RNAs (“stRNAs”).

The term “mRNA” or “messenger RNA” refers to a single-stranded RNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptide chains. This information is translated during protein synthesis when ribosomes bind to the mRNA.

The term “transcript” refers to a RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA or RNA template by a RNA polymerase template. The term “transcript” includes RNAs that encode polypeptides (i.e., mRNAs) as well as noncoding RNAs (“ncRNAs”).

As used herein, expression of an RNA corresponding to a miRNA target (e.g., an mRNA, an miRNA, an ncRNA, etc.) is “upregulated” or “increased” when the amount of RNA, or of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA, present in a cell or biological sample is greater than the amount of RNA, or of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA, present in a control cell or biological sample. Likewise, expression of an RNA is “downregulated” or “decreased” when the amount of RNA, or of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA, present in a cell or biological sample is less than the amount of RNA, or of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA, present in a control cell or biological sample.

As used herein, expression of a polypeptide corresponding to a miRNA target is “upregulated” or “increased” when the amount of the polypeptide present in a cell or biological sample is greater than the amount of the polypeptide present in a control cell or biological sample. Likewise, expression of a polypeptide is “downregulated” or “decreased” when the amount of the polypeptide present in a cell or biological sample is less than the amount of the polypeptide present in a control cell or biological sample.

As used herein, the term “small interfering RNA” (“siRNA”) (also referred to in the art as “short interfering RNAs”) refers to an RNA agent, preferably a double-stranded agent, of about 10-50 nucleotides in length (the term “nucleotides” including nucleotide analogs), preferably between about 15-25 nucleotides in length, e.g., about 20-24 or 21-23 nucleotides in length, more preferably about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides in length, the strands optionally having overhanging ends comprising, for example 1, 2 or 3 overhanging nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs), which is capable of directing or mediating RNA interference. Naturally-occurring siRNAs are generated from longer dsRNA molecules (e.g., >25 nucleotides in length) by a cell's RNAi machinery (e.g., Dicer or a homolog thereof).

As used herein, the term “miRNA” or “microRNA” refers to an RNA agent, preferably a single-stranded agent, of about 10-50 nucleotides in length (the term “nucleotides” including nucleotide analogs), preferably between about 15-25 nucleotides in length, e.g., about 20-24 or 21-23 nucleotides in length, more preferably about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides in length, which is capable of directing or mediating RNA silencing. Naturally-occurring miRNAs are generated from stem-loop precursor RNAs (i.e., pre-miRNAs) by Dicer. The term “Dicer” as used herein, includes Dicer as well as any Dicer orthologue or homologue capable of processing dsRNA structures into siRNAs, miRNAs, siRNA-like or miRNA-like molecules. The term microRNA (or “miRNA”) is used interchangeably with the term “small temporal RNA” (or “stRNA”) based on the fact that naturally-occurring microRNAs (or “miRNAs”) have been found to be expressed in a temporal fashion (e.g., during development).

The term “pri-miRNA,” as used herein, refers to an RNA molecule that is capable of being processed by a ribonuclease (e.g., Drosha) into an about 60-150 nucleotide hairpin RNAs. A pri-miRNA may be about 100-2000 nucleotides long, more preferably, about 200-1500 nucleotides, more preferably about 300-1000 nucleotides. The term “pre-miRNA,” as used herein, refers to an about 60-150 nucleotide hairpin RNA molecule that is capable of being processed by a ribonuclease (e.g., Dicer) into an about 10-50 nucleotide miRNA.

The term “shRNA”, as used herein, refers to an RNA agent having a stem-loop structure, comprising a first and second region of complementary sequence, the degree of complementarity and orientation of the regions being sufficient such that base pairing occurs between the regions, the first and second regions being joined by a loop region, the loop resulting from a lack of base pairing between nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) within the loop region. shRNAs may be substrates for the enzyme Dicer, and the products of Dicer cleavage may participate in RNAi. shRNAs may be derived from transcription of an endogenous gene encoding a shRNA, or may be derived from transcription of an exogenous gene introduced into a cell or organism on a vector, e.g., a plasmid vector or a viral vector. An exogenous gene encoding an shRNA can additionally be introduced into a cell or organism using other methods known in the art, e.g., lipofection, nucleofection, etc.

The term “nucleoside” refers to a molecule having a purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar. Exemplary nucleosides include adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine and thymidine. The term “nucleotide” refers to a nucleoside having one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to the sugar moiety. Exemplary nucleotides include nucleoside monophosphates, diphosphates and triphosphates. The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid molecule” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer of nucleotides joined together by a phosphodiester linkage between 5′ and 3′ carbon atoms.

The term “nucleotide analog” or “altered nucleotide” or “modified nucleotide” refers to a non-standard nucleotide, including non-naturally occurring ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Preferred nucleotide analogs are modified at any position so as to alter certain chemical properties of the nucleotide yet retain the ability of the nucleotide analog to perform its intended function. Examples of positions of the nucleotide which may be derivitized include the 5 position, e.g., 5-(2-amino)propyl uridine, 5-bromo uridine, 5-propyne uridine, 5-propenyl uridine, etc.; the 6 position, e.g., 6-(2-amino)propyl uridine; the 8-position for adenosine and/or guanosines, e.g., 8-bromo guanosine, 8-chloro guanosine, 8-fluoroguanosine, etc. Nucleotide analogs also include deaza nucleotides, e.g., 7-deaza-adenosine; O- and N-modified (e.g., alkylated, e.g., N6-methyl adenosine, or as otherwise known in the art) nucleotides; and other heterocyclically modified nucleotide analogs such as those described in Herdewijn, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 2000 Aug. 10(4):297-310.

Nucleotide analogs may also comprise modifications to the sugar portion of the nucleotides. For example the 2′ OH-group may be replaced by a group selected from H, OR, R, F, Cl, Br, I, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, COOR, or OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, etc. Other possible modifications include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,988, and 6,291,438.

The phosphate group of the nucleotide may also be modified, e.g., by substituting one or more of the oxygens of the phosphate group with sulfur (e.g., phosphorothioates), or by making other substitutions which allow the nucleotide to perform its intended function such as described in, for example, Eckstein, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2000 Apr. 10(2):117-21, Rusckowski et al. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2000 Oct. 10(5):333-45, Stein, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2001 Oct. 11(5): 317-25, Vorobjev et al. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2001 Apr. 11(2):77-85, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,143. Certain of the above-referenced modifications (e.g., phosphate group modifications) preferably decrease the rate of hydrolysis of, for example, polynucleotides comprising said analogs in vivo or in vitro.

The term “oligonucleotide” refers to a short polymer of nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs. The term “RNA analog” refers to an polynucleotide (e.g., a chemically synthesized polynucleotide) having at least one altered or modified nucleotide as compared to a corresponding unaltered or unmodified RNA but retaining the same or similar nature or function as the corresponding unaltered or unmodified RNA. As discussed above, the oligonucleotides may be linked with linkages which result in a lower rate of hydrolysis of the RNA analog as compared to an RNA molecule with phosphodiester linkages. For example, the nucleotides of the analog may comprise methylenediol, ethylene diol, oxymethylthio, oxyethylthio, oxycarbonyloxy, phosphorodiamidate, phophoroamidate, and/or phosphorothioate linkages. Preferred RNA analogues include sugar- and/or backbone-modified ribonucleotides and/or deoxyribonucleotides. Such alterations or modifications can further include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the RNA or internally (at one or more nucleotides of the RNA). An RNA analog need only be sufficiently similar to natural RNA that it has the ability to mediate (mediates) RNA interference.

As used herein, the term “nuclease-resistant oligonucleotide” refers to any oligonucleotide that has been modified to inhibit degradation by enzymes such as, for example, the exonucleases known to be present in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. RNA molecules (e.g., RNA oligonucleotides) are particularly at risk of degradation when combined with a composition comprising a cell extract or when introduced to a cell or organism, and a “ribonuclease-resistant” oligonucleotide is thus defined as an antisense moleculeagent that is relatively resistant to ribonuclease enzymes (e.g., exonucleases), as compared to an unmodified form of the same oligonucleotide. Preferred antisense moleculesagents of the invention include those that have been modified to render the oligonucleotide relatively nuclease-resistant or ribonuclease-resistant. In a preferred embodiment, the antisense agents and/or oligonucleotides of the invention have been modified with a 2′-O-methyl group (e.g., 2′-O-methylcytidine, 2′-O-methylpseudouridine, 2′-O-methylguanosine, 2′-O-methyluridine, 2′-O-methyladenosine, 2′-O-methyl) and additionally comprise a phosphorothioate backbone.

The terms “2′-O-methyl modification” and “phosphorothioate modification” as used herein, possess their art-recognized meanings.

The term “locked nucleic acid (LNA),” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid analogue containing one or more LNA nucleotide monomers with a bicyclic furanose unit locked in an RNA mimicking sugar conformation. The ribose moiety of an LNA nucleotide is modified with an extra bridge (e.g., a 2′-O,4′-C methylene bridge) connecting the 2′ and 4′ carbons. The bridge ‘locks’ the ribose in the 3′endo structural conformation, which is often found in the A-form of RNA. LNA oligonucleotides display unprecedented hybridization affinity toward complementary single-stranded RNA, including miRNA. Structural studies have shown that LNAs are effective RNA mimics that induce an A-type (RNA-like) duplex geometry. The locked ribose conformation of LNAs enhances base stacking and significantly increases the thermal stability of oligonucleotides containing LNAs. Additional properties of LNAs have been described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050227256A1 (U.S. Ser. No. 10/998,364), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. LNAs have been shown to be highly effective in silencing miRNAs.

The term “antagomir,” as used herein, refers to small synthetic RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a specific miRNA target (i.e., miR132), and that harbor various modifications for RNAse protection. Antagomirs have beneficial pharmacologic properties such as enhanced tissue and cellular uptake. Antagomirs differ from normal RNA by complete 2′-O-methylation of sugar, phosphorothioate backbone and a cholesterol-moiety at 3′-end. In some embodiments, antagomirs can have either mispairing at the cleavage site of Ago2, or a base modification at this site to inhibit Ago2 cleavage. Antagomirs are believed to silence miRNA by irreversibly binding to miRNA molecules, rendering them nonfunctional.

The terms “morpholinos” or “morpholino oligos,” as used herein, refers to nucleic acid analogs having standard nucleic acid bases that are bound to morpholine rings, rather than to deoxyribose rings, and are linked through phosphorodiamidate groups, rather than phosphates. Based on the similarity to natural nucleic acid structure, morpholinos bind to complementary sequences of mRNA by standard Watson-Crick base pairing. Instead of degrading their target RNA molecules, morpholinos act by steric blocking, binding to a target sequence within an RNA (e.g., a miRNA, i.e., miR132) and inhibiting interaction of molecules which might otherwise interact with the RNA.

The term “antisense” refers generally to any approach reliant upon agents, e.g., oligonucleotides, that are sufficiently complementary to a target sequence to associate with the target sequence in a sequence-specific manner (e.g., hybridize to the target sequence). Exemplary uses of antisense in the instant application involve use of an oligoribonucleotide agent that hybridizes to a target RNA and blocks an activity/effect of the targeted RNA sequence, but antisense approaches commonly are used to target DNA or RNA for transcriptional inhibition, translational inhibition, degradation, etc. Antisense is a technology that can be initiated by the hand of man, for example, to modulate splicing and/or silence the expression of target genes.

As used herein, the term “isolated RNA” (e.g., “isolated mRNA”, “isolated miRNA” or “isolated RNAi agent”) refers to RNA molecules which are substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

The term “in vitro” has its art recognized meaning, e.g., involving purified reagents or extracts, e.g., cell extracts. The term “in vivo” also has its art recognized meaning, e.g., involving living cells, e.g., immortalized cells, primary cells, cell lines, and/or cells in an organism.

As used herein, the term “druggable target” refers to a target (i. e, gene or gene product) having certain desired properties which indicate a potential for drug discovery, i.e., for use in the identification, research and/or development of therapeutically relevant compounds. A druggable target is distinguished based on certain physical and/or functional properties selected by a person skilled in the art of drug discovery. A druggable target (i.e., gene or gene product) of the instant invention, for example, is distinguished from other genes and/or gene products based on the fact that that it is regulated by miR145, miR132, and/or miR212.

Based on the fact that these targets are regulated by HCMV infection, it is believed that the targets are important in essential cellular processes, for example, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, host cell defense mechanisms, and the like, or in essential viral processes, for example, processes involved in viral replication. Control of such processes, including situations in which such processes are misregulated (i.e., in the biology of a disease), has obvious therapeutic appeal. Additional criteria for identifying and/or selecting druggable targets include, but are not limited to (1) cellular localization susceptible to systemically administered (e.g., orally administered) drugs; (2) homology or similarity to other genes and/or gene products (e.g., members of a gene family) previously successfully targeted; and (3) data (e.g., expression and/or activity data) indicating a role for the gene/gene product at a critical intervention points in a disease pathway.

The term “antiviral drug target”, as used herein, refers to a target (i.e, gene or gene product) having certain desired properties which indicate a potential for antiviral drug discovery, i.e., for use in the identification, research and/or development of compounds useful in antiviral therapies. A druggable target (i.e., gene or gene product) of the instant invention, for example, is indicated as an antiviral drug target based on the fact that miR145, miR132, miR212, and targets thereof, are regulated by HCMV expression.

A gene “involved” in a disorder includes a gene, the normal or aberrant expression or function of which effects or causes or contributes to a disease or disorder or at least one symptom of said disease or disorder.

The phrase “examining the function of a gene in a cell or organism” refers to examining or studying the expression, activity, function or phenotype arising therefrom.

Various methodologies of the instant invention include step that involves comparing a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. to a “suitable control”, referred to interchangeably herein as an “appropriate control”. A “suitable control” or “appropriate control” is any control or standard familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art useful for comparison purposes. In one embodiment, a “suitable control” or “appropriate control” is a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined prior to performing a given methodology, as described herein. For example, a transcription rate, mRNA level, translation rate, protein level, biological activity, cellular characteristic or property, genotype, phenotype, etc. can be determined prior to introducing a compound (e.g., a compound that increases or mimics expression of miR145; a compound that inhibits or reduces expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR145; a compound that antagonizes miR132 and/or miR212; a compound that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR132 and/or miR212, etc.) of the invention into a cell or organism. In certain embodiments, a suitable control is a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined in a cell or organism, e.g., a cell or organism infected with HCMV, in the absence of a miR145 agent or an RNA silencing agent. In other embodiments, a suitable control is a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined in a cell or organism, e.g., a cell or organism infected with HCMV, in the absence of a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, or a miR212 target activating agent. In methodologies that involve infecting a cell or organism with a virus, e.g., HCMV, the properties of a “suitable control” or an “appropriate control” can also be determined in cells or organisms that are uninfected or mock infected. In another embodiment, a “suitable control” or “appropriate control” is a value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined in a cell or organism, e.g., a control or normal cell or organism, exhibiting, for example, normal traits. In yet another embodiment, a “suitable control” or “appropriate control” is a predefined value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.

II. miRNAs and RNA Interference

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (e.g., 10-50 nucleotides), single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes at the level of translation. MicroRNAs are initially transcribed as a long, single-stranded miRNA precursor known as a pri-miRNA, which may contain one or several miRNAs. These pri-miRNAs typically contain regions of localized stem-loop hairpin structures that contain the mature miRNA sequences. Pri-miRNAs are processed into 60-150 nucleotide pre-miRNAs in the nucleus by the double-stranded RNA-specific nuclease Drosha. These pre-miRNAs typically adopt a hairpin conformation with at least one stem-loop structure. The 60-150 nucleotide pre-miRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm, where they are processed by the enzyme Dicer into single-stranded mature miRNAs of about 10-50 nucleotides (more preferably, 15-25 nucleotides). This is in contrast with siRNAs, which are of a similar size but are double-stranded, and are usually processed from a double-stranded RNA precursor.

Following processing, mature miRNAs are incorporated into an effector complex termed miRISC (miRNA-Induced Silencing Complex), which participates in RNA silencing. miRNAs can pair with target mRNAs that contain sequences only partially complementary (e.g., 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90% or more) to the miRNA. Such pairing typically occurs in the 3′untranslated regions (3′UTR) of mRNA, and results in repression of mRNA translation without altering mRNA stability. Alternatively, miRNAs with a substantial degree of complementarity to their targets can effect gene silencing by mediating mRNA degradation, e.g., via RNAi (Hutvagner and Zamore (2002) Science 297:2056-2060). As expression of precursor microRNAs (i.e., pri-miRNAs) is often developmentally regulated, miRNAs are often referred to interchangeably in the art as “small temporal RNAs” or “stRNAs”.

C. elegans contains approximately 100 endogenous miRNA genes, about 30% of which are conserved in vertebrates. Mammalian genomes are predicted to encode at least 200 to 1000 distinct miRNAs, many of which are estimated to interact with 5-10 different mRNA transcripts. Accordingly, miRNAs are predicted to regulate up to one-third of all genes. miRNAs are differentially expressed in various tissues, such that each tissue is characterized by a specific set of miRNAs. miRNAs have been shown to be important modulators of cellular pathways including growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and developmental timing. Given the pathways over which miRNAs exert a regulatory effect, it is not surprising that alterations in miRNA expression have been detected in several types of cancer, including breast and lung carcinomas. These recognized pathways likely represent the tip of an iceberg, however, as the abundance of miRNAs within eukaryotic cells indicates that many downstream effects of miRNA-induced silencing remain to be identified.

III. Viral Modulation of Cellular miRNA Expression

Viruses possess small genomes made up of nucleic acid. Examples of viruses possessing genomes made up of DNA are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, poxvirus, herpes virus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, and parvovirus. Examples of viruses possessing genomes made up of RNA are likewise known in the art and include, but are not limited to, influenza virus, rotavirus, mumps virus, rabies virus, HIV/AIDS virus, corona virus, LCM virus and poliovirus. The viral genome can be either single- or double-stranded, and is packaged in a capsid, or protein coat, which in enveloped viruses is further enclosed by a lipid envelope. Nonenveloped viruses leave an infected cell by lysing and thereby killing the cell. Enveloped viruses can leave the cell by budding, without disrupting the plasma membrane and, therefore, without killing the cell. Enveloped viruses can thus cause chronic infections, in some cases helping transform an infected cell into a cancer cell.

All viruses use the basic host cell machinery for most aspects of their reproduction, including transcription and translation. Many viruses encode proteins that modify the host transcription or translation apparatus to modulate expression of host cell genes to create an environment that favors the synthesis of viral proteins over those of the host cell. Some viruses, including HCMV, additionally encode miRNAs. These miRNAs may likewise modify expression of host cell factors to create an environment favorable for viral replication.

If cellular miRNAs are involved in inhibition of viral replication, it is possible that viruses counter this process by interfering with cellular miRNA expression. Indeed, PFV-1 has been shown to encode the protein Tas, which broadly suppresses miRNA activity. Remarkably, instances of positive regulation of cellular miRNA expression by viruses have also been reported. Human miRNA miR-122 interacts with the 5′-non-coding region of HCV and increases viral RNA production, through a mechanism which remains to be elucidated (Jopling (2005) Science 309:1577-1581). In addition, latency type III Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infections have been associated with induction of miR-155 in human B cells (Nair (2006) TRENDS in Microbiology 14:169-175), indicating that this miRNA is beneficial for EBV replication.

IV. HCMV Specifically Modulates Expression of miR145

The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that miR145 is significantly downregulated following infection with HCMV, indicating that miR145 is an important cellular mediator of HCMV infection. HCMV is a herpesvirus that has developed mechanisms to modify the cellular environment. One of its strategies is to alter the cellular miRNA expression pattern. Microarray analysis indicated that 48 hours after HCMV infection of Human Embryonic Lung (HEL) fibroblasts, cellular miRNA expression pattern changed significantly with no unidirectional trend, suggesting that HCMV specifically utilizes this pathway, rather than inhibits it. Without wishing to be bound by theory, HCMV may be reprogramming cells through miRNA expression. The discovery that HCMV modulates expression of cellular miRNAs including miR145 indicates that HCMV alters cellular miRNA expression to enhance its replication.

The data set forth herein demonstrate that miRNA 145 expression is significantly downregulated during HCMV infection. miR145 regulates expression of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1). In particular, miR145 binds to the 3′UTR of IRS-1, causing translational repression. IRS-1 plays a fundamental role in the Insulin Receptor signaling pathway. Upon activation by phosphorylation, IRS-1 functions as a scaffolding protein that mediates downstream signaling events, which lead to upregulation of cellular metabolic activity, such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K) pathways. miR145 downregulation was confirmed by Northern blot and quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, a differential localization of IRS-1 protein was observed in infected cells by immunofluorescence, indicating that HCMV induces relocalization of this protein. To counteract the effect of HCMV-induced miR145 downregulation, a miR145 mimic was transfected into fibroblast cells, which were subsequently infected with HCMV. Decreased levels of the viral proteins at Immediate Early (IE), Early (E), and Late (L) stages of HCMV replication (e.g., IE2, pp65, and gB55), in addition to >1 log reduction in viral titers, were observed in cells transfected with the miR145 mimic, indicating that the specific reduction of cellular miR145 by HCMV enhances viral replication. Reduction of cellular miR145 can also alter signaling pathways downstream of IRS-1, such as MAPK and PI3K. Modulation of these downstream signaling pathways may further promote HCMV replication.

The foregoing discoveries pertaining to the downregulation of cellular miR145 following HCMV infection can provide relevant information about the cellular mechanisms modified by this virus that may enhance its replication and pathogenicity. These discoveries indicate that miR145 agents (i.e., miR145 or an agent, e.g., an oligonucleotide agent mimicking the activity of miR145 as a translational repressor of one or more miR145 targets) may be used to inhibit HCMV, or to treat an infection caused by HCMV. In addition, these discoveries reveal that miR145 targets, and signaling pathways involving miR145 targets, are attractive druggable targets for therapeutic intervention for the treatment of HCMV infections. Particular targets include, for example, genes or gene products whose expression is regulated by miR145, and signaling pathways involving genes or gene products regulated by miR145. Such targets include, for example, IRS-1 and IRS-1 signaling pathways, including MAPK and PI3K. Moreover, since miR145 is downregulated in certain cancers and malignancies (Akao et al., 2007), downstream targets of miR145 that are useful for treatment of HCMV infections may also be useful therapeutic targets in other diseases mediated by aberrant miR145 regulation, e.g., cancer.

V. HCMV Specifically Modulates Expression of miR132 and miR212

The present invention is also based, at least in part, on the discovery that miR132 and miR212 are significantly upregulated following infection with HCMV, indicating that miR132 is an important cellular mediator of HCMV infection. As noted above, the data set forth herein indicates that HCMV may be reprogramming cells through miRNA expression. The discovery that HCMV modulates expression of cellular miRNAs including miR132 and miR212 indicates that HCMV alters cellular miRNA expression to enhance its replication.

The data set forth herein demonstrate that miRNA 132 and miR212 expression is significantly upregulated during HCMV infection. miR132 regulates expression of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). miR212 is encoded by a gene located adjacent to miR212, and both miR132 and miR212 share a common seed sequence. miR212 also regulates expression of MeCP2. Methylation of CpG residues is associated with gene silencing. MeCP2 binds to methyl-CpGs, where it functions as a transcriptional repressor. MeCP2 plays a major role in brain development, and mutations in MeCP2 are largely responsible for the development of mental retardation in a severe form of autism known as Retts Syndrome. In addition, mis-expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) by MeCP2 in neuron cultures affects dendritic and axonal arborization. The data set forth herein indicates that MeCP2 expression is downregulated in fibroblasts during HCMV infection, consistent with the observed increase in miR132 and/or miR212 expression. Moreover, transfection with an antisense miR132 LNA oligonucleotide, an antisense miR212 LNA oligonucleotide, and combinations thereof, increased intracellular levels of MeCP2, indicating that miR132 and miR212 are targeting MeCP2. Another target of miR132 and miR212 is Rho GTPase-activating protein (RICS; also known in the art as p250GAP). Like MeCP2, RICS is also involved in neuronal development and maturation. RICS is expressed at high levels in the Central Nervous System (CNS), where it regulates neurite outgrowth. Increases in miR132 resulting in altered levels of RICS have been shown to lead to exaggerated arborization of cultured neurons. Accordingly, alterations in RICS and MEcP2 expression resulting from upregulation of miR132 during HCMV infection likely contribute to the pathology of HCMV disorders. The data set forth herein demonstrate that inhibition of miR132 function by transfection of cells with an antisense miR132 LNA oligonucleotide and/or a miR212 LNA oligonucleotide attenuates viral replication, evidenced by reduction in virus release, and reduction in expression of viral proteins IE2, pp65, and gB55. This finding implicates HCMV-induced upregulation of miR132 and miR212 in viral replication.

Taken together, it is likely that upregulation of miR132 and/or miR212 is one mechanism by which HCMV infection contributes to HCMV pathogenesis. For example, upregulation of miR132 and/or miR212 is one mechanism by which HCMV infection may cause neurological disorders, including birth defects. HCMV is currently the leading cause of birth defects associated with an infectious agent. Anomalies include CNS malformations, mental retardation, inflammatory diseases, and organ dysfunction. In addition, HCMV is the leading cause of nonfamilial hearing loss in children. The findings set forth herein demonstrate that treatment modalities based on inhibiting miR132 and/or miR212 upregulation, and the corresponding downregulation of miR132 and miR212 targets, in HCMV infected cells can be effective to inhibit HCMV replication and HCMV infection. Accordingly, such treatment modalities can be used to treat or ameliorate the symptoms of HCMV-mediated disorders.

The foregoing discoveries pertaining to the upregulation of cellular miR132 and miR212 following HCMV infection can provide relevant information about the cellular mechanisms modified by this virus that may enhance its replication and pathogenicity. These discoveries indicate that miR132 or miR212 antagonists (i.e., an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression, stability, or activity or miR132 and/or miR212) may be used to inhibit HCMV, or to treat an infection caused by HCMV. In addition, these discoveries reveal that miR132 and/or miR212 targets, and signaling pathways involving these targets, are attractive druggable targets for therapeutic intervention for the treatment of HCMV infections. Particular targets include, for example, genes or gene products whose expression is regulated by miR132 and/or miR212, and signaling pathways involving genes or gene products regulated by miR132 and/or miR212. Such targets include, for example, MeCP2 and MeCP2 signaling pathways, and RICS and RICS signaling pathways.

VI. Therapeutic Applications

As described herein, miR145 and miR145 target molecules (e.g., IRS-1) have therapeutic and diagnostic utility. miR145 and miR145 target molecules (e.g., IRS-1) can further be used experimentally, for example, in identifying antiviral agents that are effective in the treatment of HCMV infection. Likewise, miR132 and miR212, and target molecules thereof (e.g., MeCP2 and RICS) have therapeutic and diagnostic utility. miR132, miR212, and target molecules thereof (e.g., MeCP2 and RICS) can further be used experimentally, for example, in identifying antiviral agents that are effective in the treatment of HCMV infection.

A. Inhibition of HCMV Replication and Treatment of HCMV Infection Using miR145 Agents

In one aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR145 agent in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR145 targets, or a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) encoded by one or more miR145 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. A miR145 agent, as used herein, is miR145, or an agent (e.g., an oligonucleotide agent) mimicking, replicating or simulating the activity of miR145 as a translational repressor of one or more miR145 targets. Accordingly, a miR145 agent includes, for example, miR145, a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, or an expression vector encoding miR145. In an exemplary embodiment, a miR145 agent comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid sequence of the stem-loop form of miR145, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1: 5′CACCUUGUCCUCACGGUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUUAGAUGCUAA GAUGGGGAUUCCUGGAAAUACUGUUCUUGAGGUCAUGGUU 3′ (miRNA ID No: hsa-mir-145; Accession No: MI0000461). In other exemplary embodiments, a miR145 agent comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid sequence of the mature, processed form of miR145, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2: 5′GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCU 3′. Contacting a cell with a miR145 agent compensates for the decrease in miR145 that occurs during HCMV infection, thereby negating any beneficial effect derived by HCMV as a consequence of miR145 downregulation. The foregoing methods may additionally comprise measuring the level of HCMV replication in a cell after contacting the cell with a miR145 agent, and comparing the level of HCMV replication to a suitable control. In this embodiment, a preferred miR145 agent, or a preferred quantity of a miR145 agent, is one which decreases the level of HCMV replication when compared to a suitable control, e.g., a comparable cell not contacted with a miR145 agent.

In some embodiments, a miR145 agent can be a single stranded nucleic acid molecule containing the nucleic acid sequence of mature miR145 (SEQ ID NO:2). In other embodiments, a miRNA agent can be a double stranded nucleic acid molecule, wherein one strand contains the nucleic acid sequence of mature miR145, and the other strand is entirely or partially complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of mature miR145. In other embodiments, a miR145 agent can be a single or double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing a nucleic acid sequence having 50% or more identity with the nucleic acid sequence of mature miR145 (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein the miRNA agent has an activity of miR145 (e.g., functions in RNA silencing of one or more miR145 targets). In preferred embodiments, a miR145 agent is a single or double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing a nucleic acid sequence having at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more identity with the nucleic acid sequence of mature miR145 (SEQ ID NO:2). In some embodiments, a miR145 agent is a single or double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing a nucleic acid sequence having 1 or more (e.g., 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) nucleic acid substitutions with respect to the nucleic acid sequence of mature miR145 (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein the miRNA agent has an activity of miR145 (e.g., functions in RNA silencing of one or more miR145 targets).

In some embodiments, the foregoing miR145 agents contain one or more modifications to improve stability of the miR145 agents. Such modifications include, for example, the incorporation of nuclease-resistant oligonucleotides, as described herein. Exemplary modifications that improve the stability of miR145 agents include modifications to the 2′ position of the nucleotide sugar, such as 2′-O-Me, 2′-F, 2′-deoxy, 2′-MOE, and LNA. In some embodiments, a miR145 agent may be conjugated to a lipophillic moiety, e.g., cholesterol, or formulated in liposomes to enhance delivery of the agent to cells, tissues, or organisms.

In other embodiments, the foregoing miR145 agents can be incorporated within a small hairpin RNA. Such a hairpin RNA can have an identical or similar sequence to a miR145 pre-miRNA (e.g. SEQ ID NO:1). In some embodiments, a miR145 agent can contain a nucleic acid sequence having 50% or more identity with the nucleic acid sequence of a miR145 pre-miRNA (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein the miRNA agent has an activity of miR145 (e.g., functions in RNA silencing of one or more miR145 targets following processing by a ribonuclease, e.g., Dicer). In preferred embodiments, a miR145 agent contains a nucleic acid sequence having 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more identity with the nucleic acid sequence of a miR145 pre-miRNA (SEQ ID NO:1). In some embodiments, a miRNA agent contains a nucleic acid sequence having 1 or more (e.g., 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, or 20) nucleic acid substitutions with respect to the nucleic acid sequence of a miR145 pre-miRNA (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein the miRNA agent has an activity of miR145 (e.g., functions in RNA silencing of one or more miR145 targets following processing by a ribonuclease, e.g., Dicer).

In some embodiments, the foregoing miR145 agents can be expressed from an expression vector, e.g., a DNA vector or a viral vector. In preferred embodiments, the foregoing miR145 agents are expressed from a polymerase II or polymerase III promoter. In exemplary embodiments, an expression vector used to express a miR145 agent is a plasmid vector, an adenovirus vector, a lentivirus vector, or a YAC vector.

A cell that is contacted by a miR145 agent in accordance with the methods of the invention may be found within an organism. In this embodiment, administering a miR145 agent to an organism can inhibit HCMV proliferation, for example, in a cell within the organism that is contacted by the miR145 agent. In preferred embodiments, the organism is infected with HCMV. In these embodiments, administering a miR145 agent to the organism is used to treat HCMV infection. In other embodiments, the organism is at risk of contracting or developing an HCMV infection. In these embodiments, administering a miR145 agent to the organism is used to prevent HCMV infection. miR145 agents may be used, for example, for the treatment or prevention of HCMV-mediated diseases or disorders, e.g., HCMV retinitis, HCMV hepatitis, HCMV-mediated pneumonia, HCMV-mediated birth defects, cytomegalovirus infection associated with transplantation, e.g., transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart, polyradiculopathy, encephalitis, gastrointestinal tract disease, myocarditis or pancreatitis. miR145 agents can also be used prophylactically, e.g., for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease associated with transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart, or for the prevention of HCMV-mediated congenital disorders.

B. Inhibition of HCMV Replication and Treatment of HCMV Infection Using RNA Silencing Agents Capable of Mediating Expression of a miR145 Target, or a Component of a Signaling Pathway Involving a miR145 Target

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of a miR145 target in an amount effective to decrease the level of a miR145 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. Contacting a cell with an RNA silencing agent that degrades, decreases, or downregulates expression of a miR145 target compensates for the increase in expression of miR145 targets that occurs as a result of miR145 downregulation during HCMV infection. In this way, any beneficial effect derived by HCMV as a consequence of increasing expression of miR145 targets by downregulating miR145 is negated.

An RNA silencing agent, as used herein, refers to an RNA (or analog thereof), having sufficient sequence complimentarity to a target RNA to direct translational repression of the target RNA, or to direct degradation of the target RNA, e.g., through RNAi. A RNA silencing agent having a sequence sufficiently complementary to a target RNA sequence to direct RNAi means that the RNA silencing agent has a sequence sufficient to interact with the target RNA, causing translational repression, or to trigger the destruction of the target RNA by the RNAi machinery (e.g., the RISC complex) or process. Exemplary RNA silencing agents include, for example, siRNA, shRNA, antisense RNA, miRNA, pre-miRNA, pri-miRNA, and ribozymes. Methods for designing RNA silencing agents (e.g., siRNA, shRNA, antisense RNA, miRNA, pre-miRNA, pri-miRNA, or ribozymes) that specifically decrease or downregulate expression of a target gene are well known in the art. In some embodiments, the RNA silencing agent can be expressed in a cell from an expression vector.

In preferred embodiments, the target gene is a miR145 target. In other embodiments, HCMV replication can be inhibited by contacting a cell with an RNA silencing agent that targets components of signaling pathways involving a miR145 target. For example, an exemplary miR145 target is IRS-1. Downstream signaling from IRS-1 activates MAPK and PI3K. Accordingly, in exemplary embodiments the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication by contacting a cell with an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of IRS-1 in an amount effective to decrease the level of IRS-1, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In other embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication by contacting a cell with an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of MAPK or PI3K in an amount effective to decrease the level of MAPK or PI3K, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. Accordingly, in exemplary embodiments, an RNA silencing agent has sufficient sequence complementarity to IRS-1 (SEQ ID NO:7), MAPK (SEQ ID NO:8), or PI3K (NM_(—)181523.1, GI:32455247; NM_(—)181504.2, GI:32455251; NM_(—)006218.2, GI:54792081; NM_(—)006219.1, GI:5453893; NM005026.3, GI:156564404) to direct translational repression of IRS-1, MAPK, or PI3K, or to direct degradation of IRS-1, MAPK, or PI3K, e.g., through RNAi.

The foregoing methods may additionally comprise measuring the level of HCMV replication in a cell after contacting the cell with an RNA silencing agent, and comparing the level of HCMV replication to a suitable control. In this embodiment, a preferred RNA silencing agent, or a preferred quantity of a RNA silencing agent, is one which decreases the level of HCMV replication when compared to a suitable control, e.g., a comparable cell not contacted with a RNA silencing agent.

A cell that is contacted by an RNA silencing agent in accordance with the methods of the invention may be found within an organism. In this embodiment, administering an RNA silencing agent to an organism can inhibit HCMV proliferation, for example, in a cell within the organism that is contacted by the RNA silencing agent. In preferred embodiments, the organism is infected with HCMV. In these embodiments, administering an RNA silencing agent to the organism is used to treat HCMV infection. In other embodiments, the organism is at risk of contracting or developing an HCMV infection. In these embodiments, administering an RNA silencing agent to the organism is used to prevent HCMV infection. RNA silencing agents may be used, for example, for the treatment or prevention of HCMV-mediated diseases or disorders, e.g., HCMV retinitis, HCMV hepatitis, HCMV-mediated pneumonia, HCMV-mediated birth defects, cytomegalovirus infection associated with transplantation, e.g., transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart; and HCMV-mediated polyradiculopathy, encephalitis, gastrointestinal tract disease, myocarditis or pancreatitis. RNA silencing agents can also be used prophylactically, e.g., for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease associated with transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart, or for the prevention of HCMV-mediated congenital disorders.

C. Inhibition of HCMV Replication and Treatment of HCMV Infection Using miR132 Antagonists or miR212 Antagonists

In one aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR132 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR132 targets, or a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) encoded by one or more miR132 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR212 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR212 targets, or a gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) encoded by one or more miR212 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. A miR132 or miR212 antagonist, as used herein, is an agent that reduces or inhibits the expression, stability, or activity or miR132 or miR212. Accordingly, miR132 or miR212 antagonists include, for example, antisense locked nucleic acid molecules (LNAs), antagomirs, or 2′O-methyl antisense RNAs targeting miR132 or miR212. In an exemplary embodiment, a miR132 antagonist comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of the nucleic acid sequence of the stem-loop form of miR132, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3: 5′CCGCCCCCGCGUCUCCAGGGCAACCGUGGCUUUCGAUUGUUACUGUGG GAACUGGAGGUAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCGCCCCGCAGCACGCCCAC GCGC 3′ (miRNA ID No: hsa-mir-132). In other exemplary embodiments, a miR132 agent comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of the nucleic acid sequence of the mature, processed form of miR132, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4: 5′ UAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCG 3′. In another exemplary embodiment, a miR212 antagonist comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of the nucleic acid sequence of the stem-loop form of miR212, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5:

CGGGGCACCCCGCCCGGACAGCGCGCCGGCACCUUGGCUCUAGAC UGCUUACUGCCCGGGCCGCCCUCAGUAACAGUCUCCAGUCACGGCCACC GACGCCUGGCCCCGCC (miRNA ID No: hsa-miR-212). In another exemplary embodiment, a miR212 agent comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of the nucleic acid sequence of the mature, processed form of miR212, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6: UAACAGUCUCCAGUCACGGCC. Contacting a cell with a miR132 or miR212 antagonist compensates for the increase in miR132 or miR212 that occurs during HCMV infection, thereby negating any beneficial effect derived by HCMV as a consequence of miR132 or miR212 upregulation. In certain embodiments, a miR132 antagonist comprises nuclease resistant oligonucleotides that increase the stability of the miR132 antagonist. In other embodiments, a miR212 antagonist comprises nuclease resistant oligonucleotides that increase the stability of the miR212 antagonist.

In some embodiments, a miR132 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule that is fully complementary to a miR132 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:3) or to the mature form of miR132 (SEQ ID NO:4). In other embodiments, a miR132 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule that has 50% complementarity or more to a miR132 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:3) or to the mature form of miR132 (SEQ ID NO:4), wherein the miR132 antagonist has the ability to reduce or inhibit the expression, stability, or activity of miR132. In preferred embodiments, a miR132 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule having 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more complementarity with the nucleic acid sequence of a miR132 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:3) or with the sequence of mature miR132 (SEQ ID NO:4). In other embodiments, a miR132 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule that is fully complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of a miR132 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:3), or a mature miR132 (SEQ ID NO:4) at all but one or more (e.g., 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more) nucleic acids, wherein the miR132 antagonist has the ability to reduce or inhibit the expression, stability, or activity of miR132.

In some embodiments, a miR212 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule that is fully complementary to a miR212 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:5) or to the mature form of miR212 (SEQ ID NO:6). In other embodiments, a miR212 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule that has 50% complementarity or more to a miR212 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:5) or to the mature form of miR212 (SEQ ID NO:6), wherein the miR212 antagonist has the ability to reduce or inhibit the expression, stability, or activity of miR212. In preferred embodiments, a miR212 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule having 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more complementarity with the nucleic acid sequence of a miR212 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:5) or with the sequence of mature miR212 (SEQ ID NO:6). In other embodiments, a miR212 antagonist contains a nucleic acid molecule that is fully complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of a miR212 pre-RNA (SEQ ID NO:5), or a mature miR212 (SEQ ID NO:6) at all but one or more (e.g., 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more) nucleic acids, wherein the miR212 antagonist has the ability to reduce or inhibit the expression, stability, or activity of miR212.

In some embodiments, the foregoing miR132 and miR212 antagonists can comprise modified nucleotides, e.g., nuclease-resistant oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the nucleotide modifications include modifications to the 2′sugar, for example, 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe), 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE), and 2′-flouro (2′F) modifications. miR132 antagonists can additionally or alternatively contain modifications to the phosphorothioate backbone.

In some embodiments, the foregoing miR132 and miR212 antagonists can comprise locked nucleic acids (LNAs). A LNA is a nucleic acid analogue containing one or more LNA nucleotide monomers with a bicyclic furanose unit locked in an RNA mimicking sugar conformation. The ribose moiety of an LNA nucleotide is modified with an extra bridge (e.g., a 2′-O,4′-C methylene bridge) connecting the 2′ and 4′ carbons. The bridge ‘locks’ the ribose in the 3′endo structural conformation, which is often found in the A-form of RNA. LNA oligonucleotides display unprecedented hybridization affinity toward complementary single-stranded RNA, including miRNA. Structural studies have shown that LNAs are effective RNA mimics that induce an A-type (RNA-like) duplex geometry. The locked ribose conformation of LNAs enhances base stacking and significantly increases the thermal stability of oligonucleotides containing LNAs. A triplet of LNA nucleotides surrounding a single-base mismatch site can maximize LNA binding specificity. miR132 and/or miR212 antagonists may also comprise chimaeric LNA2′ -O-methoxyethyl oligonucleotides. Chimaeric LNA2′-O-methoxyethyl oligonucleotides have high thermal stability and potent inhibitory capability. An exemplary LNA useful as a miR132 antagonist has the following nucleic acid sequence: 5′ CGA CCA TGG CTG TAG ACT GTT A 3′ (SEQ ID NO:13). An exemplary LNA useful as a miR212 antagonist has the following nucleic acid sequence: 5′ GGCCGTGACTGGAGACTGTTA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:14).

In some embodiments, the foregoing miR132 and/or miR212 antagonists can be antagomirs. An antagomir is a small synthetic RNA-like oligonucleotide that is complementary to a specific miRNA target (e.g., miR132, miR212), and harbors various modifications for RNAse protection and pharmacologic properties such as enhanced tissue and cellular uptake. Antagomirs differ from normal RNA by complete 2′-O-methylation of sugar, phosphorothioate backbone and a cholesterol-moiety at 3′-end. Antagomirs efficiently silence miRNAs in most tissues after three injections at approximately 20-1000 mg/kg body/weight (b/w) (e.g., 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 175 mg/kg 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg, or 1000 mg/kg) on consecutive days. The synthesis and use of antagomirs is described further in Krutzfeldt, J. et al., Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’ Nature. 2005; 438:685-689 and Krutzfeldt, J. et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2007, Vol. 35, No. 9 2885-2892, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, antagomirs have either mispairing at the cleavage site of Ago2, or a base modification at this site to inhibit Ago2 cleavage. Antagomirs are believed to silence miRNA by irreversibly binding to miRNA molecules, rendering them nonfunctional.

In some embodiments, the foregoing miR132 and/or miR212 antagonists can comprise morpholino oligos (i.e., phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligos). Morpholino oligos are nucleic acid analogs having standard nucleic acid bases that are bound to morpholine rings, rather than to deoxyribose rings, and are linked through phosphorodiamidate groups, rather than phosphates. Based on the similarity to natural nucleic acid structure, morpholinos bind to complementary sequences of mRNA by standard Watson-Crick base pairing. Instead of degrading their target RNA molecules, morpholinos act by steric blocking, binding to a target sequence within an RNA (e.g., a miRNA, i.e., miR132 or miR212) and inhibiting interaction of molecules which might otherwise interact with the RNA. Morpholino oligos can be used to effectively inhibit the function of miR132 and/or miR212, thus serving as miR132 or miR212 antagonists.

The foregoing miR132 and/or miR212 antagonists can be conjugated to cholesterol to improve delivery to cells, tissues, or organisms. miR132 and miR212 antagonists can be conjugated to cholesterol in addition to or in alternative to the modifications described herein.

A cell that is contacted by a miR132 and/or a miR212 antagonist in accordance with the methods of the invention may be found within an organism. In this embodiment, administering an antagonist to an organism can inhibit HCMV proliferation, for example, in a cell within the organism that is contacted by the antagonist. In preferred embodiments, the organism is infected with HCMV. In these embodiments, administering a miR132 and/or miR212 antagonist to the organism is used to treat HCMV infection. In other embodiments, the organism is at risk of contracting or developing an HCMV infection. In these embodiments, administering a miR132 and/or miR212 antagonist to the organism is used to prevent HCMV infection. miR132 and/or miR212 antagonists may be used, for example, for the treatment or prevention of HCMV-mediated diseases or disorders, e.g., HCMV retinitis, HCMV hepatitis, HCMV-mediated pneumonia, HCMV-mediated birth defects, or cytomegalovirus infection associated with transplantation, e.g., transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart; and HCMV-mediated polyradiculopathy, encephalitis, gastrointestinal tract disease, myocarditis or pancreatitis. miR132 and/or miR212 antagonists can also be used prophylactically, e.g., for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease associated with transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart, or for the prevention of birth defects associated with HCMV.

D. Inhibition of HCMV Replication and Treatment of HCMV Infection Using miR132 Target Activating Agents and/or miR212 Target Activating Agents

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR132 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of a miR132 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a miR212 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of a miR212 target, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. A miR132 target activating agent is an agent that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR132. Likewise, a miR212 target activating agent is an agent that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR212. Accordingly, a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent may include, for example, an expression vector encoding a miR132 or miR212 target, a synthetic RNA transcript encoding a miR132 or miR212 target, a miR132 or miR212 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR132 or miR212 target polypeptide, or an active domain thereof. Exemplary miR132 and/or miR212 target activating agents include, for example, an expression vector encoding MeCP2, a synthetic RNA transcript encoding MeCP2, a MeCP2 polypeptide (e.g., a purified MeCP2 polypeptide, a recombinant MeCP2 polypeptide), or an active domain of a MeCP2 polypeptide. Additional miR132 and/or miR212 target activating agents include, for example, an expression vector encoding RICS, a synthetic RNA transcript encoding RICS, a RICS polypeptide (e.g., a purified RICS polypeptide, a recombinant RICS polypeptide), or an active domain of a RICS polypeptide. Contacting a cell with a miR132 and/or miR212 target activating agent that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR132 or miR212 compensates for the decrease in expression of miR132 targets that occurs as a result of miR132 and miR212 downregulation during HCMV infection. In this way, any beneficial effect derived by HCMV as a consequence of decreasing expression of miR132 or miR212 targets by upregulating miR132 or miR212 is negated. In certain embodiments, a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent comprises nuclease resistant oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent contains a nucleic acid molecule encoding MeCP2 (SEQ ID NO:9), or a biologically active portion thereof. In other embodiments, a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent contains a nucleic acid molecule encoding RICS (SEQ ID NO:11), or a biologically active portion thereof. In other embodiments, a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent contains a MeCP2 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:10), or a biologically active portion thereof. In other embodiments, a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent contains a RICS polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:12), or a biologically active portion thereof.

In some embodiments, HCMV replication can be inhibited by contacting a cell with an agent that increases, upregulates, enhances or mimics expression of a gene or gene product that is a component of one or more signaling pathways involving a miR132 or miR212 target. For example, an exemplary miR132 target is RICS. Downstream signaling from RICS activates Cdc42 and Rac1. Accordingly, in exemplary embodiments the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication by contacting a cell with an agent capable of increasing the level or activation of Cdc42 and/or Rac1, such that HCMV replication is inhibited. In other embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting HCMV replication by contacting a cell with an RNA agent capable of mediating RNAi of MAPK or PI3K in an amount effective to decrease the level of MAPK or PI3K, such that HCMV replication is inhibited.

A cell that is contacted by a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent in accordance with the methods of the invention may be found within an organism. In this embodiment, administering a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent to an organism can inhibit HCMV proliferation, for example, in a cell within the organism that is contacted by the miR132 or miR212 target activating agent. In preferred embodiments, the organism is infected with HCMV. In these embodiments, administering a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent to the organism is used to treat HCMV infection. In other embodiments, the organism is at risk of contracting or developing an HCMV infection. In these embodiments, administering a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent to the organism is used to prevent HCMV infection. miR132 or miR212 target activating agents may be used, for example, for the treatment or prevention of HCMV-mediated diseases or disorders, e.g., HCMV retinitis, HCMV hepatitis, HCMV-mediated pneumonia, HCMV-mediated birth defects, or cytomegalovirus infection associated with transplantation, e.g., transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart; and HCMV-mediated polyradiculopathy, encephalitis, gastrointestinal tract disease, myocarditis or pancreatitis. miR132 or miR212 target activating agents can also be used prophylactically, e.g., for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease associated with transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart, or for the prevention of birth defects associated with HCMV.

VII. miRNA Targets

A miRNA target (e.g., a miR145 target, a miR132 target, a miR212 target), as used herein, refers to a gene, gene transcript, or gene product whose expression is altered (e.g., downregulated) by a given miRNA (e.g., miR145, miR132, or miR212). miRNAs may alter the expression of a miRNA target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and preventing translation of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript. In this case, the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript is decreased in the presence of the miRNA, while the level of the RNA transcript remains substantially unaltered. miRNAs may alternatively alter the expression of a miRNA target by interacting with an RNA transcript, and directing degradation or destabilization of the RNA transcript. In this case, the level of expression of the RNA transcript, and the level of a polypeptide encoded by the RNA transcript, are decreased in the presence of the miRNA (e.g., miR145, miR132, or miR212). In some embodiments, miRNA targets a non-coding RNA. In preferred embodiments, miR145, miR132, and miR212 target a mRNA encoding a polypeptide.

miRNA targets are identified based on having a region of sequence complementarity to a portion of miR145, miRNA132, or miRNA 212. In order to mediate post-transcriptional repression or degradation of targets, miRNAs must recognize their targets by complementary base pairing. miRNA targets typically have conserved Watson-Crick base pairing to a 5′ region of a miRNA, known as the miRNA seed. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, miRNA targets contain a region that is complementary to 6-8 nucleotides in the miRNA seed. Four types of miRNA seed types are useful for miRNA target identification: the 6mer site, which perfectly matches the 6-nucleotide miRNA seed; the 7mer-m8 site, which comprises the seed match supplemented by a Watson-Crick base pair match to miRNA nucleotide 8, the 7mer-A1 site, which contains the seed match supplemented by an A across from miRNA nucleotide 1, and the 8-mer site, which contains the seed match supplemented by both the m8 and the A1 (Friedman et al., Genome Res. (2009) 19:92-105). The region within a miRNA target that is complementary to the miRNA seed may be located at any point within the gene transcript, but is preferably located within the 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) or within an open reading frame of a mRNA transcript.

Methods useful for identifying a miRNA target are known in the art, and are described, for example, in Friedman et al., Genome Res. (2009) 19:92-105, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Tools that are useful for identifying a miRNA target are maintained through the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (see, for example, www.targetscan.org). miRNA targets identified according to the foregoing methods can be confirmed experimentally using techniques known in the art for determining whether the expression of a miRNA target is modulated (e.g., downregulated) by a miRNA. As will be apparent to a person of skill in the art, such experiments can be performed in vivo, e.g., in a cell or organism, or in vitro, e.g. using a cell extract or recombinant nucleic acids and/or polypeptides. If levels of an RNA (e.g., an mRNA) decrease following exposure to a miRNA, the gene or gene product corresponding to the RNA may be a miRNA target. Likewise, if levels of an RNA (e.g., an mRNA) increase following disruption of an miRNA, the gene or gene product corresponding to the RNA may be a miRNA target. Similarly, if levels of a polypeptide encoded by a mRNA decrease following exposure to a miRNA, the gene or gene product corresponding to the RNA is a miRNA target. Likewise, if levels of a polypeptide encoded by a mRNA increase following disruption of a miRNA, the gene or gene product corresponding to the RNA is a miRNA target.

In exemplary embodiments, a miR145 target, a miR132 target, and/or a miR212 target is a component of an HCMV replication pathway, e.g., a signaling pathway. An HCMV replication pathway is a pathway, e.g., a signaling pathway, that, when altered, modulates HCMV replication. In an exemplary embodiment, a miR145 target is IRS-1. In another exemplary embodiment, a miR132 and/or miR212 target is MeCP2 or RICS.

VIII. Determining the Level of Expression of a miRNA Target

The level of expression of a miRNA target (e.g., a miR132 target, a miR212 target, a miR145 target, etc.) can be determined using any suitable method known in the art for measuring RNA or protein expression. Such methods include, for example, Northern blot, quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR), microarray, in situ hybridization, Western blot, ELISA, or antibody microarray.

The applications described herein can require comparison with a suitable control sample. Such suitable controls will be obvious to one skilled in the art and are considered part of the common knowledge. For example, when contacting a cell with a miR145 agent in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR145 targets, a decrease in the level of one or more miR145 targets may be compared with the level of the miR145 target in a like cell that is not contacted with a miR145 agent (e.g., a mock-transfected cell). When determining the decrease in the level of one or more miR145 targets in response to a miR145 agent, a suitable control may include, for example, a cell infected with HCMV that is not contacted with a miR145 agent.

In another example, when contacting a cell with a miR132 and/or miR212 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR132 or miR212 targets, an increase in the level of one or more targets may be compared with the level of the target in a like cell that is not contacted with a miR132 or miR212 antagonist (e.g., a mock-transfected cell). When determining the increase in the level of one or more miR132 or miR212 targets in response to a miR132 or miR212 antagonist, a suitable control may include, for example, a cell infected with HCMV that is not contacted with a miR132 or miR212 antagonist.

When contacting a cell with an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating expression of a miR145 target (e.g., by RNA interference), a decrease in the level of the miR145 target may be compared with the level of the miR145 target in a like cell that is not contacted with the RNA silencing agent (e.g., a mock-transfected cell). When determining the decrease in the level of a miR145 target in response to an RNA silencing agent, a suitable control may include, for example, a cell infected with HCMV that is not contacted with an RNA silencing agent. Likewise, when contacting a cell with a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent capable of increasing or upregulating expression of a gene or gene product that is targeted by miR132 and/or miR212, an increase in the level of the miR132 or miR212 target may be compared with the level of the target in a like cell that is not contacted with the activating agent (e.g., a mock-transfected cell). When determining the increase in the level of a miR132 or miR212 target in response to a miR132 or miR212 target activating agent, a suitable control may include, for example, a cell infected with HCMV that is not contacted with the agent.

IX. Pharmaceutical Compositions

miR145 agents, and RNA silencing agents capable of mediating expression of a miR145 target, can be used therapeutically or prophylactically either alone or in combination. Accordingly, the present invention provides compositions comprising a miR145 agent and/or an RNA silencing agent as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention further provides methods of treating or attenuating HCMV infection in an organism by administering compositions that include a miR145 agent and/or an RNA silencing agent as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition including the same.

miR132 antagonists, miR212 antagonists, miR132 target activating agents, and miR212 target activating agents can be used therapeutically or prophylactically either alone or in combination. Accordingly, the present invention provides compositions comprising a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, a miR212 target activating agent, and combinations thereof, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention further provides methods of treating or attenuating HCMV infection in an organism by administering compositions that include a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, a miR212 target activating agent, and combinations thereof as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition including the same.

The invention pertains to uses of the above-described agents for therapeutic treatments as described infra. Accordingly, the agents of the present invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes saline, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

A pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer. Such methods include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,798.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

The compounds can also be administered by transfection or infection using methods known in the art, including but not limited to the methods described in McCaffrey et al. (2002), Nature, 418(6893), 38-9 (hydrodynamic transfection); Xia et al. (2002), Nature Biotechnol., 20(10), 1006-10 (viral-mediated delivery); or Putnam (1996), Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 53(2), 151-160, erratum at Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 53(3), 325 (1996).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein (and other optional pharmacological agents) can be delivered directly via a pump device. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions are delivered directly by infusion into a diseased tissue, e.g. a tissue that is infected with HCMV.

The compounds can also be administered by any method suitable for administration of nucleic acid agents, such as a DNA vaccine. These methods include gene guns, bio injectors, and skin patches as well as needle-free methods such as the micro-particle DNA vaccine technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,389, and the mammalian transdermal needle-free vaccination with powder-form vaccine as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,587. Additionally, intranasal delivery is possible, as described in, inter alia, Hamajima et al. (1998), Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 88(2), 205-10. Liposomes (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,375) and microencapsulation can also be used. Biodegradable targetable microparticle delivery systems can also be used (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,996).

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Such formulations can be prepared using standard techniques. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a compound of the invention (e.g., a miR145 agent, etc.) (i.e., an effective dosage) is an amount that increases expression of miR145 or miR145 activity (e.g., translational repression of one or more miR145 targets) by at least 10 percent. Higher percentages, e.g., 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 100 percent or higher may be preferred in certain embodiments. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. The compositions can be administered one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, e.g., between 2 to 8 weeks, or between about 3 to 7 weeks, or for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a compound of the invention (e.g., an RNA silencing agent, etc.) (i.e., an effective dosage) is an amount that inhibits expression of the polypeptide encoded by a miR145 target by at least 30 percent. Higher percentages of inhibition, e.g., 45, 50, 75, 85, 90 percent or higher may be preferred in certain embodiments. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. The compositions can be administered one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, e.g., between 2 to 8 weeks, or between about 3 to 7 weeks, or for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments.

In other embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a compound of the invention (e.g., a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, etc.) (i.e., an effective dosage) is an amount that inhibits expression of miR132 or miR132 activity (e.g., translational repression of one or more miR132 targets) by at least 30 percent, or an amount that inhibits expression of miR212 or miR212 activity (e.g., translational repression of one or more miR212 targets) by at least 30 percent. Higher percentages of inhibition, e.g., 45, 50, 75, 85, 90 percent or higher may be preferred in certain embodiments. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. The compositions can be administered one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, e.g., between 2 to 8 weeks, or between about 3 to 7 weeks, or for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a compound of the invention (e.g., a miR132 target activating agent, a miR212 target activating agent, etc.) (i.e., an effective dosage) is an amount that increases expression or activation of a miR132 or miR212 target by at least 10 percent. Higher percentages, e.g., 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 100 percent or higher may be preferred in certain embodiments. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. The compositions can be administered one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, e.g., between 2 to 8 weeks, or between about 3 to 7 weeks, or for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments.

It is furthermore understood that appropriate doses of a composition depend upon the potency of composition with respect to the expression or activity to be modulated. When one or more of these molecules is to be administered to an animal (e.g., a human) to modulate expression or activity of a polypeptide or nucleic acid of the invention, a physician, veterinarian, or researcher may, for example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently increasing the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, any drug combination, and the degree of expression or activity to be modulated.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

X. Additional Agents

Compositions comprising a miR145 agent, an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating expression of a miR145 target (e.g. downregulating a miR145 target), a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, a miR212 target activating agent, and combinations thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, may be used in the methods of the invention in combination with additional therapeutic agents. Such additional agents preferably contribute to the inhibition of HCMV replication or to the treatment of HCMV infection. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the foregoing compositions are used in combination with an antiviral agent. The antiviral agent may be used to contact cells prior to, simultaneous with, or subsequent to contacting cells with a miR145 agent, an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating expression of a miR145 target, a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, a miR212 target activating agent, or combinations thereof. Likewise, the antiviral agent may be administered to a subject prior to, simultaneous with, or subsequent to administration of a miR145 agent, an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating expression of a miR145 target, a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, a miR212 target activating agent, or combinations thereof.

In exemplary embodiments, the antiviral agent is Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, or Maribavir. Dosages and administration schedules of the foregoing agents that are routine in the art are suitable for use in combination with the foregoing compositions.

XI. Detecting an HCMV Infection

The invention further provides methods of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject, comprising determining a level of miR145 expression in a subject, and comparing the level of miR145 expression to a suitable control, wherein a reduction in the level of miR145 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

The invention likewise provides methods of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject, comprising determining a level of miR132 expression in a subject, and comparing the level of miR132 expression to a suitable control, wherein an increase in the level of miR132 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

The invention also provides methods of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject, comprising determining a level of miR212 expression in a subject, and comparing the level of miR212 expression to a suitable control, wherein an increase in the level of miR212 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.

Certain methods of the invention, including the foregoing diagnostic methods, require determining the expression level of miR145, miR132, and/or miR212 in a cell or in a biological sample, e.g., a biological sample obtained from a subject. Methods for determining miRNA expression levels in cells or biological samples are within the level of skill in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, microarray analysis, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Total cellular RNA can be purified from cells by homogenization in the presence of nucleic acid extraction buffer, followed by centrifugation. Nucleic acids are precipitated, and DNA is removed by treatment with DNase and precipitation.

RNA molecules can be separated by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels according to standard techniques, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters by, e.g., the so-called “Northern Blot” technique. The RNA is then immobilized on the filters by heating. Detection and quantification of specific RNA is accomplished using appropriately labeled DNA or RNA probes complementary to the RNA in question (see, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2^(nd) Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapters 10 and 11, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable probes for Northern blot hybridization of a given miRNA gene product can be produced using the nucleotide sequence of an miRNA. The sequence of the stem-loop form of miR145 is as follows: 5′CACCUUGUCCUCACGGUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUUAGAUGCUAA GAUGGGGAUUCCUGGAAAUACUGUUCUUGAGGUCAUGGUU3′ (SEQ ID NO:1) (miRNA ID No: hsa-mir-145; Accession No: MI0000461). The sequence of the mature, processed form of miR145 is as follows: 5′ GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCU 3′ (SEQ ID NO:2). Likewise, the sequence of the stem-loop form of miR132 is as follows: 5′CCGCCCCCGCGUCUCCAGGGCAACCGUGGCUUUCGAUUGUUACUGUGG GAACUGGAGGUAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCGCCCCGCAGCACGCCCAC GCGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:3) (miRNA ID No: hsa-mir-132). The sequence of the mature, processed form of miR132 is as follows: 5′ UAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4). The sequence of the stem-loop form of miR212 is as follows: 5′ CGGGGCACCCCGCCCGGACAGCGCGCCGGCACCUUGGCUCUAGACUGCU UACUGCCCGGGCCGCCCUCAGUAACAGUCUCCAGUCACGGCCACCGACG CCUGGCCCCGCC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:5) (miRNA ID No: hsa-miR-212). The sequence of the mature, processed form of miR132 is as follows: 5′ UAACAGUCUCCAGUCACGGCC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6).

Methods for preparation of labeled DNA and RNA probes, and the conditions for hybridization thereof to target nucleotide sequences, are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapters 10 and 11, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

For example, the nucleic acid probe can be labeled with, e.g., a radionuclide such as ³H, ³²P, ³³P, ¹⁴C, or ³⁵S; a heavy metal; or a ligand capable of functioning as a specific binding pair member for a labeled ligand (e.g., biotin, avidin or an antibody), a fluorescent molecule, a chemiluminescent molecule, an enzyme or the like.

Probes can be labeled to high specific activity by either the nick translation method of Rigby et al. (Rigby (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 113:237-251), or by the random priming method of Fienberg et al. (Fienberg (1983), Anal. Biochem. 132:6-13, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. The latter is the method of choice for synthesizing ³²P-labeled probes of high specific activity from single-stranded DNA or from RNA templates. For example, by replacing preexisting nucleotides with highly radioactive nucleotides according to the nick translation method, it is possible to prepare ³²P-labeled nucleic acid probes with a specific activity well in excess of 10⁸ cpm/microgram. Autoradiographic detection of hybridization can then be performed by exposing hybridized filters to photographic film. Densitometric scanning of the photographic films exposed by the hybridized filters provides an accurate measurement of miRNA gene transcript levels. Using another approach, miRNA gene transcript levels can be quantified by computerized imaging systems, such the Molecular Dynamics 400-B 2D Phosphorimager available from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.

Where radionuclide labeling of DNA or RNA probes is not practical, the random-primer method can be used to incorporate an analogue, for example, the dTTP analogue 5-(N-(N-biotinyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl)-3-aminoallyl)deoxyuridine triphosphate, into the probe molecule. The biotinylated probe oligonucleotide can be detected by reaction with biotin-binding proteins, such as avidin, streptavidin, and antibodies (e.g., anti-biotin antibodies) coupled to fluorescent dyes or enzymes that produce color reactions.

In addition to Northern and other RNA blotting hybridization techniques, determining the levels of miRNA transcripts can be accomplished using the technique of in situ hybridization. This technique requires fewer cells than the Northern blotting technique, and involves depositing whole cells onto a microscope cover slip and probing the nucleic acid content of the cell with a solution containing radioactive or otherwise labeled nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA or RNA) probes. This technique is particularly well-suited for analyzing tissue biopsy samples from subjects. The practice of the in situ hybridization technique is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,916, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable probes for in situ hybridization of a given miRNA gene product can be produced using the nucleotide sequence of an miRNA. In an exemplary embodiment, probes are produced using the nucleic acid sequence of human miR145 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2). In another exemplary embodiment, probes are produced using the nucleic acid sequence of human miR132 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4). In another exemplary embodiment, probes are produced using the nucleic acid sequence of human miR212 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6).

The relative number of miRNA gene transcripts in cells can also be determined by reverse transcription of miRNA gene transcripts, followed by amplification of the reverse-transcribed transcripts by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of miRNA gene transcripts can be quantified in comparison with an internal standard, for example, the level of mRNA from a “housekeeping” gene present in the same sample. A suitable “housekeeping” gene for use as an internal standard includes, e.g., myosin or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The methods for quantitative RT-PCR and variations thereof are within the level of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to simultaneously determine the expression level of a plurality of different of miRNAs in a sample. Assessing expression levels for multiple miRNAs is time consuming and requires a large amount of total RNA (at least 20 μg for each Northern blot) and autoradiographic techniques that require radioactive isotopes. To overcome these limitations, an oligolibrary in microchip format may be constructed containing a set of probe oligonucleotides specific for a set of miRNA genes. In one embodiment, the oligolibrary contains probes corresponding to all known miRNAs from the human genome.

The nucleic acid sequences corresponding to miRNA, miRNA* and hairpin miRNAs of miR145, miR132, and miR212 are suitable for use in designing probes, oligonucleotides, primers, etc. for use in the methods and applications of the invention.

Cells or biological samples obtained from a normal cell, tissue, or organism (e.g., one which exhibits normal traits), as described above, can comprise suitable controls for the diagnostic methods set forth herein. The relative miRNA expression in the control or normal samples can further be determined with respect to one or more RNA expression standards. The standards can comprise, for example, a zero miRNA gene expression level, the miRNA gene expression level in a standard cell line, or the average level of miRNA gene expression obtained for a population of normal human controls. Alternatively, a feature of a control sample, for example, a value, level, characteristic, property, etc., has been predefined (e.g., a level of expression of an miRNA, a hybridization signal profile, etc.). In this embodiment, the miRNA expression levels present in a sample are compared with the pre-determined features of a control sample.

XII. Kits Comprising a miR145 Agent or an RNA Silencing Agent Capable of Mediating Expression of a miR145 Target

The invention additionally provides kits comprising a composition comprising a miR145 agent, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for treating HCMV, for preventing HCMV, or for inhibiting replication of HCMV. In particular embodiments, the miR145 agent is a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, or an expression vector encoding miR145.

The invention further provides kits comprising a composition comprising an RNA silencing agent capable of reducing expression of a miR145 target, an instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for treating HCMV, for preventing HCMV, or for inhibiting replication of HCMV. In exemplary embodiments, the RNA silencing agent is an siRNA, a shRNA, an antisense RNA, or a ribozyme. In one embodiment, the miR145 target is IRS-1.

The invention additionally provides kits comprising a composition containing a miR132 antagonist or a miR212 antagonist, or combinations thereof, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for treating HCMV, for preventing HCMV, or for inhibiting replication of HCMV. In particular embodiments, the miR132 antagonist is an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA), an antagomir, or a 2′O-methyl antisense RNA targeting miR132. In other embodiments, the miR212 antagonist is an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA), an antagomir, or a 2′O-methyl antisense RNA targeting miR212.

The invention further provides kits comprising a composition containing a miR132 target activating agent or a miR212 target activating agent, or a combination thereof, and instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for treating HCMV, for preventing HCMV, or for inhibiting replication of HCMV. In exemplary embodiments, the miR132 target activating agent is an expression vector encoding a miR132 target, a synthetic miR132 target RNA transcript, a miR132 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide, or an active portion of a miR132 target polypeptide. In other embodiments, the miR212 target activating agent is an expression vector encoding a miR212 target, a synthetic miR212 target RNA transcript, a miR212 target polypeptide, a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide, or an active portion of a miR212 target polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the miR132 and/or miR212 target is MeCP2 or RICS.

The kits of the invention may additionally contain an additional therapeutic agent. In a preferred embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent that contributes to inhibition of HCMV replication, treatment of HCMV infection, or prevention of HCMV infection. In exemplary embodiments, the kits of the invention contain Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, or Maribavir.

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

EXAMPLES Example 1 miR145 is Downregulated Following HCMV Infection

Microarray analysis was performed to determine the miRNA expression pattern changes after HCMV infection. HEL fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (Multiplicity of infection (MOI)=5). RNA from mock-infected cells, together with RNA from cells infected with HCMV (48 hours post infection (hpi)), were hybridized to miRNA microarrays (LC Sciences). Hybridization signal intensities for individual miRNAs (average of six replicates) were plotted as mock versus virus-infected. Statistical analysis was performed at LC Sciences, and an additional Golub analysis was performed for maximum confidence. The results of the microarray analysis are depicted in FIG. 1. Red dots indicate statistically significant values (p<0.01). Greater than two-fold changes in miRNA expression appear outside of the diagonal lines. The arrow indicates that miR145 is significantly downregulated following HCMV infection (2.31 fold decrease). These data suggest that miR145 is involved in the pathogenesis of HCMV.

miR145 downregulation during HCMV infection was confirmed by Northern blot. HEL fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (MOI=1), and pellets were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hpi. RNA was extracted and 5 μg of RNA from each sample was loaded and electrophoresed in a 15% acrylamide gel. RNA was transferred to a nylon-hybond membrane and a Northern blot was performed. The results of Northern blot analysis are depicted in FIG. 2. Ethidium bromide staining of the gel is shown as a loading control. These data show a sustained downregulation of miR145 levels throughout the time course of infection. These results confirm that HCMV downregulates miR145 expression.

The infection-induced decrease in miR145 levels determined by microarray and Northern blot was further confirmed by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). HEL fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (MOI=1), and cell pellets were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hpi. RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen), and 5 ng of RNA was used for qRT-PCR (TaqMan® MicroRNA Assays, Applied Biosystems). As shown in FIG. 3, miR145 levels are downregulated, as noted by the increase in the cycle threshold (AACT). A 2-fold decrease at 24 hpi followed by a ˜3-fold decrease at 48 hpi (which was sustained until 72 hpi) was detected during the time course infection. These results indicate that mature miR145 levels are reduced from 24 hpi to 72 hpi, further demonstrating that miR145 expression is decreased during HCMV infection. These data are in agreement with data obtained from microarray and Northern blot, indicating that miR145 has a role in HCMV pathogenesis.

A microarray time course analysis was also performed to determine changes in miR145 levels after HCMV infection. HEL fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (MOI=5). RNA from mock-infected cells, together with RNA from cells infected with HCMV, was hybridized to miRNA microarrays (LC Sciences). Hybridization signal intensities for miR145 (average of 3 replicates) are plotted during the mock and virus-infected time course (FIG. 4). Statistical analysis was performed at LC Sciences. The results, shown in FIG. 4, indicate that miR145 levels are significantly and consistently downregulated during HCMV infection. (*=p<0.05)

Example 2 Transfection with a miR145 Mimic Leads to Decreased Levels of IRS-1 Protein

This experiment was performed to determine whether a miR145 mimic targets Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) mRNA, which is a target of miR145, in HEL fibroblasts. HEL fibroblasts were transfected with either a control miRNA (ct) or miR145 mimic (145) (Dharmacon). Cell pellets were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post transfection and lysed. Western blot was performed using an anti IRS-1 antibody (Upstate Biothechnology). Actin is shown as a loading control. Downregulation of the IRS-1 protein was observed at 48, 72 and 96 hours post transfection with the miR145 mimic, when compared to control transfected cells, as shown in FIG. 5. This downregulation is not observed in the cells transfected with a control miRNA, or the mock-transfected cells. These data suggest that miR145 targets IRS-1 mRNA in HEL fibroblasts. Since miR145 is downregulated during HCMV infection, it is likely that IRS-1 is upregulated during HCMV infection.

Example 3 Transfection with a miR145 Mimic Reduces Viral Replication

This experiment was performed to determine whether altered regulation of miR145 following viral infection affects viral replication. HEL fibroblasts were transfected with either a control (ct) miRNA or a miR145 mimic (145) (Dharmacon). The cells were infected with HCMV (MOI=1) 24 hours after transfection. Supernatants were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hpi and examined for viral titers by plaque assay. These results show decreased viral titers in the supernatants of HEL fibroblasts previously transfected with miR145, when compared to those transfected with the control miRNA, as shown in FIG. 6. A 10-fold difference can be observed from 72 to 96 hpi. At 144 hpi, viral titers are similar in the control and miR145 mimic transfected cells. This result may be due either to miR145 mimic turnover or to HCMV overcoming the effects of miR145 mimic transfection. These data suggest that miR145 transfection decreases viral replication in HEL fibroblasts, and implies a role for miR145 supporting viral replication. This is consistent with the hypothesis that downregulation of miR145 contributes to HCMV pathogenesis by enhancing its replication.

Example 4 miR145 Leads to Decreased HCMV Protein Expression

These experiments were performed to establish the role of miR145 on HCMV protein expression. HEL fibroblasts were transfected with either a control miRNA or miR145 mimic (Dharmacon). The cells were infected with HCMV (MOI=1) 24 hours after transfection. Cell pellets were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hpi, lysed and examined for viral protein expression by western blot. Decreased levels of the Immediate Early (IE) 2 protein, the Early (E) protein pp65, and the Late (L) protein gB55 could be seen in those cells transfected with miR145, when compared to the cells transfected with a control miRNA, as shown in FIG. 7. Increased IE1 levels were also observed, likely due to the decreased levels of IE2, as IE2 reduces IE1 expression (Hermiston et al 1990). Actin is shown in FIG. 7 as a loading control. These results indicate that miR145 transfection regulates the HCMV gene expression in HEL fibroblasts. These data implicate miR145 during HCMV IE, E and L gene expression. In agreement with the data in the previous figures, these results suggest that miR145 mediates HCMV pathogenesis and replication.

Example 5 HCMV Infection Upregulates IRS-1 Protein Levels

This experiment was performed to determine the effects of HCMV infection on IRS-1 protein levels. Fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (MOI=1). Cell pellets were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post infection and lysed. Western blot was performed using an anti-IRS-1 antibody (Upstate Biothechnology), the results of which are shown in FIG. 8A. Actin is shown in FIG. 8A as a loading control. IRS-1 protein levels were normalized to actin and then compared to the mock-infected IRS-1 levels at each time point. These results show an upregulation in the IRS-1 protein levels at 72 and 96 hpi in the cells infected with HCMV. These data indicate that HCMV is upregulating expression of IRS-1 protein, likely by downregulating expression of miR145. These findings implicate overexpression of IRS-1 in HCMV pathogenesis.

An extended time course was performed to determine the levels of IRS-1 protein during HCMV infection from 24-120 hours. HEL fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (MOI=1) or mock-infected, as a control. This FIG. 8B shows that IRS-1 levels decreased in the uninfected cell time course. However, a gradual increase in the expression of this protein was observed during HCMV infection, starting at 72 hpi (hours post infection). Actin is shown as a loading control. These results suggest that HCMV infection induces IRS-1 upregulation in Hel fibroblasts.

Example 6 IRS-1 is Relocalized During HCMV Infection

IRS-1 is known to translocate to the plasma membrane after insulin-mediated stimulation of the insulin receptor (Jacobs et al. 2001). This experiment was performed to determine whether IRS-1 is differentially localized after HCMV infection. HEL fibroblasts were grown on coverslips and were either mock infected or infected with HCMV (MOI=1). Cells were fixed at 24, 48 and 72 hpi and stained with primary antibodies against IRS-1, a fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated secondary antibody (green fluorescence), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue fluorescence), for nuclei staining. The fluorescence signal intensity relocalized after HCMV infection when compared to the mock infection, as shown in FIG. 9. These results indicate that a differential localization of IRS-1 occurs during HCMV infection, and that this virus may be altering the distribution of IRS-1 throughout the cell.

Example 7 miR132 is Upregulated Following HCMV Infection

Microarray analysis was performed to determine changes in miRNA expression patterns after HCMV infection. HEL fibroblasts were infected with HCMV (Multiplicity of infection (MOI)=5). RNA from mock-infected cells, together with RNA from cells infected with HCMV (48 hours post infection (hpi)), were hybridized to miRNA microarrays (LC Sciences). Hybridization signal intensities for individual miRNAs (average of six replicates) were plotted as mock versus virus-infected. Statistical analysis was performed at LC Sciences, and an additional Golub analysis was performed for maximum confidence. The results of the microarray analysis are depicted in FIG. 11. Red dots indicate statistically significant values (p<0.01). Greater than two-fold changes in miRNA expression appear outside of the diagonal lines. The arrow indicates that miR132 is significantly upregulated following HCMV infection (5 fold increase). These data suggest that miR132 is involved in the pathogenesis of HCMV. The absence of a uni-directional trend in miRNA expression during virus infection suggests that the virus is specifically impacting the expression of particular miRNAs to control the expression of genes required for efficient virus replication.

A microarray time course was performed to determine changes in miRNA expression patterns at multiple time points post-infection. HEL cells were either mock or infected with HCMV at an MOI=5, and RNA was extracted with Trizol® (Invitrogen) at the time points indicated in FIG. 12. RNA was hybridized to a microarray (LC Sciences) that harbored probes to all known cellular and viral miRNAs, and the expression of each miRNA was determined by relative quantitation at the respective mock and infected time-points. An ANOVA analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of the change in expression of each miRNA. Results are shown in FIG. 12. Extrapolation of the data corresponding to miR132 and miR212 from the plots shown in FIG. 12 allowed visualization of the expression of miR132 and miR122 over the time course of infection, based on the changes in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) from the respective mock and infected time points (FIG. 13).

miR132 upregulation during HCMV infection was confirmed by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). Total RNA purified from HEL fibroblasts and U373MG glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells infected with HCMV (MOI=1) was used for Taqman qRT-PCR (Applied Biosystems). Expression of miR132 was normalized to GAPDH. This data, as shown in FIG. 14, validates the >5-fold increase in miR132 expression observed using miRNA microarray, and indicates that HCMV infection results in upregulation of miR132 expression. This phenomenon is further supported by the observation that miR132 expression is similarly regulated in multiple permissive cell lines during infection.

The observation that miR132 expression increases during HCMV infection was confirmed by Northern blot. Total RNA purified from HEL fibroblasts and U373MG glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells infected with HCMV (MOI=1) analyzed by Northern Blot. The expression of miR132 was quantitated relative to ethidium bromide staining, shown as a loading control. The results depicted in FIG. 15 validate the observation that HCMV infection results in the upregulation of miR132 expression. The effect seen in U373 cells is less dramatic than that seen in HEL cells, likely due to the fact that there is less mature miR132 natively present in this cell line (data not shown).

TaqMan miRNA assay (Applied Biosystems) further confirmed that miR132 expression was upregulated during HCMV infection, and also indicated that miR212 is upregulated in HEL and U373MG cells during HCMV infection. HEL and U373MG cells were infected with HCMV at MOI=1, and cells were harvested at 24 hour intervals. RNA was then purified from infected cells using Trizol® (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturers protocol, and 5 ng of RNA was used to generate cDNA via reverse transcription. miRNA expression was quantitated using TaqMan® miRNA assay (Applied Biosystems). The histograms in FIG. 16 show the increase in expression of miR-132 and miR-212 relative to GAPDH.

Example 8 HCMV Infection Reduces Expression of MeCP2

To determine whether targets of miR-132 were altered during HCMV infection, lysates were prepared at 24 hour intervals from HEL and U373 MG cells infected with HCMV at an MOI=1, or mock infected. Nuclear enriched lysates were prepared and 100 μg of protein lysate was separated by SDS-PAGE. Protein was transferred to PVDF membrane, and MeCP2 and hn RNP_K proteins were detected by Western blot using polyclonal antibodies (Millipore and Santa Cruz). As expected, a decrease in MeCP2 protein levels was observed in HCMV-infected HEL cells (FIG. 17) and U373MG cells (data not shown). These results are consistent with the increase in miR132 and miR212 expression that occurs during HCMV infection. hnRNPK expression is show as a loading control.

Example 9 Transfection with a miR132 Antagonist or a miR212 Antagonist Increases MeCP2 Protein Accumulation

In order to assess the role of miR132 and miR212 in virus replication, miR132 and miR212 were inhibited using antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotides targeting miR132 or miR212 Inhibition of miR132 and/or miR212 in this way counteracts the increase in miR132 or miR212 expression that occurs during HCMV infection. To test the efficacy of the LNAs, HEL cells were transfected with 500 pmol of scramble, miR132, or miR212 specific locked nucleic acid (Exiqon) to inhibit miRNA function. Nuclear enriched extracts were prepared, and protein levels were determined by Western blot. Transfection with miR132 LNA resulted in a modest increase in MeCP2 protein levels in HEL cells (FIG. 18 a-b), demonstrating that a miR132 antagonist can be used to increase expression of a miR132 target. Likewise, transfection with miR212 LNA resulted in a modest increase in MeCP2 protein levels in HEL cells (FIG. 18 a), demonstrating that a miR212 antagonist can be used to increase expression of a miR212 target.

Example 10 Inhibition of miR132 with a miR132 Antagonist Attenuates HCMV Replication

To determine the role of miR132 on HCMV replication, HEL cells were transfected with antisense miR132 LNA, and were infected with HCMV. The amount of virus released from infected cells was quantitated by plaque assay, and viral protein accumulation was analyzed by Western blot of protein lysates from infected cells. As shown in FIG. 19, expression of viral proteins IE2, pp65, and gB55 was reduced in cells transfected with an antisense miR132 LNA Inhibition of miR132 resulted in a 3-fold decrease in virus replication, as determined by measuring attenuated virus release and viral protein expression. Taken together with the previous data, this experiment confirms that miR132 is necessary for efficient HCMV replication, and that HCMV replication can be effectively attenuated by inhibition of miR132.

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method of inhibiting HCMV replication in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an agent selected from the group consisting of: (a) a miR145 agent in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR145 targets; (b) an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of one or more miR145 targets in an amount effective to decrease the level of one or more miR145 targets; (c) a miR132 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR132 targets; (d) a miR212 antagonist in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR212 targets; (e) a miR132 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR132 targets; and (f) a miR212 target activating agent in an amount effective to increase the level of one or more miR212 targets, such that HCMV replication is inhibited.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is a miR145 agent selected from the group consisting of a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, and an expression vector encoding miR145.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is a miR145 agent that comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:
 2. 4. (canceled)
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of one or more targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein measuring the level of expression of a polypeptide encoded by the target is performed using a method selected from the group consisting of Western blot, ELISA, or antibody microarray.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of one or more targets is determined by measuring the level of expression of an RNA corresponding to the target, and comparing the level of expression to a suitable control.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the target RNA is an mRNA.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein measuring the level of expression of the target is performed using a method selected from the group consisting of Northern blot, quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR), or microarray.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is a miR145 agent or an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of one or more miR145 targets, and wherein the miR145 target is IRS-1.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is in an organism.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the organism is infected with HCMV. 13-14. (canceled)
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is an RNA silencing agent capable of mediating RNAi of one or more miR145 targets, and is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA, a shRNA, an antisense RNA, and a ribozyme.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the RNA silencing agent is at least 90% complementary to a portion of the miR145 target. 17-25. (canceled)
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the miR145 target is selected based on having sequence complementarity with all or a portion of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, the miR132 target is selected based on having sequence complementarity with all or a portion of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4, and the miR212 target is selected based on having sequence complementarity with all or a portion of SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO:
 6. 27. (canceled)
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the miR145 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR145, the miR132 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR132, and the miR212 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR212.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the 6-8 contiguous nucleotides are located within the 3′UTR of the miRNA target, or within an open reading frame of the miRNA target.
 30. (canceled)
 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the cell with an additional therapeutic agent.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, and Maribavir.
 34. A method of detecting an HCMV infection in a subject, comprising (a) determining a level of expression of one or more miRNAs selected from the group consisting of miR145, miR132, and miR212 in a subject; and (b) comparing the level of miRNA expression to a suitable control; wherein a reduction in the level of miR145 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject, and wherein an increase in the level of miR132 and/or miR212 expression relative to the suitable control indicates the presence of an HCMV infection in the subject.
 35. A kit comprising: (a) a composition comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of a miR145 agent, an RNA silencing agent capable of reducing expression of a miR145 target, a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR 132 target activating agent capable of increasing expression of a miR132 target, a miR212 target activating agent capable of increasing expression of a miR212 target, and combinations thereof; and (b) instructions for administration of the composition to a subject for the treatment of HCMV.
 36. The kit of claim 35, wherein the miR145 agent is selected from the group consisting of a miR145 mimic, a synthetic miR145 oligonucleotide, and an expression vector encoding miR145; the RNA silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA, a shRNA, an antisense RNA, and a ribozyme; the antagonist is selected from the group consisting of an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA), an antagomir, and a 2′O-methyl antisense RNA; the miR132 target activating agent is selected from the group consisting of an expression vector encoding a miR132 target, a synthetic miR132 target RNA transcript, a miR132 target polypeptide, and a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide; and the miR212 target activating agent is selected from the group consisting of an expression vector encoding a miR212 target, a synthetic miR212 target RNA transcript, a miR212 target polypeptide, and a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide. 37-38. (canceled)
 39. The kit of claim 35, wherein the miR145 target has a region of 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR145, the miR132 target has a region of about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR132, and the miR212 target has a region of about 6-8 contiguous nucleotides that are complementary to the seed region of miR212.
 40. The kit of claim 35, wherein the miR145 target is an mRNA encoding IRS-1, the miR132 target is MeCP2 and/or RICS, and the miR212 target is MeCP2 and/or RICS.
 41. The kit of claim 35, further comprising an antiviral agent.
 42. The kit of claim 41, wherein the antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Formivirsen, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, CMX001, Artesunate, BAY-384766, T-611, GW-275175X, and Maribavir. 43-44. (canceled)
 45. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is a miR132 antagonist or a miR212 antagonist selected from the group consisting of an antisense locked nucleic acid (LNA), an antagomir, or a 2′O-methyl antisense RNA.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the miR 132 antagonist comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4, and wherein the miR212 antagonist comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to all or a part of SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO:
 6. 47-54. (canceled)
 55. The method of claim 1, wherein the miR132 target and/or the miR212 target is methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) or Rho GTPase-activating protein (RICS). 56-60. (canceled)
 61. The method of claim 1, wherein the miR132 target activating agent is selected from the group consisting of an expression vector encoding a miR132 target, a synthetic miR132 target RNA transcript, a miR132 target polypeptide, and a recombinant miR132 target polypeptide, and wherein the miR212 target activating agent is selected from the group consisting of an expression vector encoding a miR212 target, a synthetic miR212 target RNA transcript, a miR212 target polypeptide, and a recombinant miR212 target polypeptide. 62-68. (canceled)
 69. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, or a miR212 target activating agent, and wherein the miR132 target and/or the miR212 target is an mRNA encoding MeCP2.
 70. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is a miR132 antagonist, a miR212 antagonist, a miR132 target activating agent, or a miR212 target activating agent, and wherein the miR132 target and/or the miR212 target is an mRNA encoding RICS. 71-96. (canceled) 